Advanced applications of triboelectric sensors across human body regions

This review presents a systematic overview of recent progress in triboelectric sensors (TESs) for human body applications. In contrast to previous reviews that often provide broad overviews of wearable or implantable devices, this study introduces an anatomical region–based classification framework that explicitly links device design to specific body sites. Within this framework, in vivo (implantable) and in vitro (wearable) applications are compared, with a particular focus on their differences in design strategies, performance compromises, and application-specific challenges. The fundamental working principles and operating modes of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are outlined, and representative devices are summarized. Furthermore, unresolved technical bottlenecks are critically examined. By integrating fragmented studies into a coherent structure, this review not only delivers a comprehensive synthesis of current TES research but also provides constructive guidance for the design and development of next-generation TESs.