Research progress of flexible triboelectric nanogenerators based on polydimethylsiloxane

Flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which harvest and convert human or environmental mechanical energy into electrical energy, hold significant promise in areas such as smart wearables, healthcare, and blue energy development. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is particularly notable as an ideal material for constructing high-performance flexible TENGs, owing to its superior flexibility, high dielectric properties, and ease of functionalization. This paper initially elucidates the primary working mechanisms of PDMS-based flexible TENGs. It then summarizes the approaches to performance modulation from two key dimensions: materials (including substrate selection and composite material design) and structure (encompassing surface micro/nanostructures and multilayer device design). From the perspective of flexible textiles, these TENGs are classified into three types—film, yarn/fiber, and fabric. And their fabrication processes and performance characteristics are outlined. Finally, the paper explores the typical applications of PDMS flexible TENGs in smart wearables, healthcare, and blue energy collection. To address challenges such as poor environmental adaptability, insufficient durability, and large-scale fabrication issues, it proposes targeted improvement strategies to facilitate practical implementation. This research aims to offer theoretical references and technical insights for the material optimization and structural innovation of flexible TENGs, thereby fostering their continued advancement.