Multi-node and sector-coupled pathways to a 100% renewable energy system in the Galapagos Islands

This study addresses the energy transition toward a 100% renewable energy system in the Galapagos Islands by analyzing the energy potential of each inhabited island (Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal, Isabela, and Floreana) and then evaluating the potential energy production levels considering 1 node and 4 nodes operating electrically both in isolation and interconnected. Decarbonization pathways are considered integral in the Galapagos Islands due to their unique fragile ecosystems. Therefore, the analysis covers various electrical coupling configurations for the electricity demand sectors. With the support of specialized energy transition software EnergyPLAN, scenarios were developed at hourly resolution, considering commercially available technologies based on the energy potential available in the Galapagos Islands, in the most diversified manner possible. The results demonstrate that: (1) single-node systems present limited outcomes for decision-making; (2) an isolated multi-node model represents a much more realistic system and allows for detailed identification of energy production levels per island based on local resources; and; (3) the best solution for coupling and the possibility of the islands sharing energy in a coordinated manner occurs when there is electrical interconnection. It is concluded that the most appropriate solution, technically and economically, to achieve a decarbonized system is an interconnected, multi-node and multi-sector one. This study provides a much more detailed perspective on the implications of the energy transition in the Galapagos Islands. These results are encouraging for decision-makers to contribute their contribution to protecting this unique treasure on the planet, also considered a living laboratory.