IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v255y2025ics096014812501359x.html

An adaptive control strategy for DC–DC buck converter for a small-scale distributed green hydrogen production unit using SPV-battery-based off-grid system

Author

Listed:
  • Kumar, Maneesh
  • Singh, Rhythm
  • Arora, Pratham
  • Bhosale, Amit

Abstract

The paper presents a robust control strategy for a distributed green hydrogen production system powered by solar PV and battery storage. Hydrogen production via a proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based electrolyzer requires precise regulation over voltage and current, as deviations impact its performance. The designed adaptive controller regulates the output voltage of a DC–DC buck converter connected between the supply and the electrolyzer load rated at the voltage and current values of 4 V and 62 A, respectively, and can produce hydrogen at a rate of 4.46 g/h. The voltage control is required to avoid the oxidation of various components beyond 2 V/cell (4 V in total). The performance of the controller is evaluated using various critical performance indices such as integral absolute error, integral square error, integral time absolute error, and integral time square error under changing system dynamics. The proposed controller demonstrates superior transient and steady-state response compared to a fixed-gain PID and a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC). The root mean square error (RMSE) values confirm its effectiveness: RMSITAE (0.3726), RMSITSE (0.0742), RMSISE (0.0749), and RMSIAE (0.3345), outperforming PID (0.538,0.1588,0.13,0.465) and MRAC (0.525,0.0817,0.0845,0.396). Experimental validation in a hardware testing setup further supports its reliability under dynamic conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Kumar, Maneesh & Singh, Rhythm & Arora, Pratham & Bhosale, Amit, 2025. "An adaptive control strategy for DC–DC buck converter for a small-scale distributed green hydrogen production unit using SPV-battery-based off-grid system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:255:y:2025:i:c:s096014812501359x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123697
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096014812501359X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2025.123697?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Yunlong & Wang, Yongfu & Li, Pengxu, 2024. "Adaptive hierarchical energy management strategy for fuel cell mobile robot hybrid power system based on working condition recognition," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PB).
    2. Maluenda, Martín & Córdova, Samuel & Lorca, Álvaro & Negrete-Pincetic, Matías, 2023. "Optimal operation scheduling of a PV-BESS-Electrolyzer system for hydrogen production and frequency regulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    3. Younes Sahri & Youcef Belkhier & Salah Tamalouzt & Nasim Ullah & Rabindra Nath Shaw & Md. Shahariar Chowdhury & Kuaanan Techato, 2021. "Energy Management System for Hybrid PV/Wind/Battery/Fuel Cell in Microgrid-Based Hydrogen and Economical Hybrid Battery/Super Capacitor Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-32, September.
    4. Renaudineau, Hugues & Llor, Ana M. & Hernandez, Matias S. & Concha, Diego & Wilson-Veas, Alan H. & Kouro, Samir, 2024. "Photovoltaic to electrolysis off-grid green hydrogen production with DC–DC conversion," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PC).
    5. Kondaiah, P. & Pitchumani, R., 2023. "Progress and opportunities in corrosion mitigation in heat transfer fluids for next-generation concentrating solar power," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 956-991.
    6. Zheng, Shiyong & Shahzad, Muhammad & Asif, Hafiz Muhammad & Gao, Jing & Muqeet, Hafiz Abdul, 2023. "Advanced optimizer for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic systems in smart grid: A roadmap towards clean energy technologies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1326-1335.
    7. Kaplani, E. & Kaplanis, S., 2012. "A stochastic simulation model for reliable PV system sizing providing for solar radiation fluctuations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 970-981.
    8. Mayer, Martin János, 2022. "Impact of the tilt angle, inverter sizing factor and row spacing on the photovoltaic power forecast accuracy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    9. Kotowicz, Janusz & Bartela, Łukasz & Węcel, Daniel & Dubiel, Klaudia, 2017. "Hydrogen generator characteristics for storage of renewably-generated energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 156-171.
    10. Hao, Daning & Qi, Lingfei & Tairab, Alaeldin M. & Ahmed, Ammar & Azam, Ali & Luo, Dabing & Pan, Yajia & Zhang, Zutao & Yan, Jinyue, 2022. "Solar energy harvesting technologies for PV self-powered applications: A comprehensive review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 678-697.
    11. Zainal, Bidattul Syirat & Ker, Pin Jern & Mohamed, Hassan & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Fattah, I.M.R. & Rahman, S.M. Ashrafur & Nghiem, Long D. & Mahlia, T M Indra, 2024. "Recent advancement and assessment of green hydrogen production technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    12. Yi, Yin & Zhou, Yun & Feng, Donghan & Yin, Wenhang & Li, Hengjie & Yang, Qingliu, 2024. "Stability control and analysis of hydrogen production using a multi-terminal DC EV charging system with PV," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    13. Zhu, Zheng & Chen, Sian & Kong, Xiaobing & Ma, Lele & Liu, Xiangjie & Lee, Kwang Y., 2024. "A centralized EMPC scheme for PV-powered alkaline electrolyzer," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mohamed Aatabe & Wissam Jenkal & Mohamed I. Mosaad & Shimaa A. Hussien, 2025. "Stochastic Control for Sustainable Hydrogen Generation in Standalone PV–Battery–PEM Electrolyzer Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-30, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tomasz Trawiński & Janusz Kotowicz, 2025. "Photovoltaic Power System with Electrochemical and Hydrogen Storage for Energy Independence in Student Dormitories," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-19, March.
    2. Salah, Mohamed & Tsui, To-Hung & Zhang, Le & Smoliński, Adam & Mohamed Rasmey, Abdel-Hamied & Tong, Yen Wah & Liu, Ronghou, 2026. "Progress in enhancing strategies for hydrogen production from microbial fermentation of organic wastes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PB).
    3. Fu, Wenming & Cheng, Yoke Wang & Xu, Dequan & Zhang, Yaning & Wang, Chi-Hwa, 2024. "Reaction synergy of bimetallic catalysts on ZSM-5 support in tailoring plastic pyrolysis for hydrogen and value-added product production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    4. Yi Zhang & Tian Lan & Wei Hu, 2023. "A Two-Stage Robust Optimization Microgrid Model Considering Carbon Trading and Demand Response," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-22, October.
    5. Engstam, Linus & Janke, Leandro & Sundberg, Cecilia & Nordberg, Åke, 2025. "Optimising power-to-gas integration with wastewater treatment and biogas: A techno-economic assessment of CO2 and by-product utilisation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    6. Karamanev, Dimitre & Pupkevich, Victor & Penev, Kalin & Glibin, Vassili & Gohil, Jay & Vajihinejad, Vahid, 2017. "Biological conversion of hydrogen to electricity for energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 237-245.
    7. Mayer, Martin János & Yang, Dazhi & Szintai, Balázs, 2023. "Comparing global and regional downscaled NWP models for irradiance and photovoltaic power forecasting: ECMWF versus AROME," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).
    8. Mehrabankhomartash, Mahmoud & Rayati, Mohammad & Sheikhi, Aras & Ranjbar, Ali Mohammad, 2017. "Practical battery size optimization of a PV system by considering individual customer damage function," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 36-50.
    9. Gerard, Paul & Rafiee, Ahmad & Montalvan, Mario & Mahdi, Osamh & Kaya, Havvanur Feyza & Khalilpour, Kaveh, 2026. "The Africa-Europe energy interconnection: Assessing green hydrogen suppliers for France," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    10. Li, Fei & Wang, Dong & Guo, Hengdao & Liu, Zhan & Zhang, Jianhua & Lin, Zhifang, 2025. "Two-stage Distributionally robust optimization for hydrogen-IES participation in energy-carbon trading-frequency regulation ancillary services market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    11. Chen, Yin & Chen, Yinyu & Zhou, Yue & Gan, Wei & Chen, Minwu & Chen, Xia, 2025. "Robust energy management of electrified railway traction substation providing secondary frequency regulation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    12. Dácil Díaz-Bello & Carlos Vargas-Salgado & Jesus Águila-León & Fabián Lara-Vargas, 2023. "Methodology to Estimate the Impact of the DC to AC Power Ratio, Azimuth, and Slope on Clipping Losses of Solar Photovoltaic Inverters: Application to a PV System Located in Valencia Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-25, February.
    13. Öztürk, Reyhan Atabay & Devrim, Yılser, 2025. "Optimal design and technoeconomic analysis of on-site hydrogen refueling station powered by wind and solar photovoltaic hybrid energy systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    14. Cervantes, Jairo & Choobineh, Fred, 2018. "Optimal sizing of a nonutility-scale solar power system and its battery storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 105-115.
    15. Lin, Wen-Ting & Guo, Qitao & Jia, Tao & Li, Chaojie & Zhou, Xiaojun & Li, Jueyou & Ming, Tingzhen, 2026. "Hydrogen–energy–carbon coupled pricing for integrated energy systems: Stackelberg game and robust demand response under renewable uncertainty," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    16. Busiswe Skosana & Mukwanga W. Siti & Nsilulu T. Mbungu & Sonu Kumar & Willy Mulumba, 2023. "An Evaluation of Potential Strategies in Renewable Energy Systems and Their Importance for South Africa—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-27, November.
    17. Kumar S, Ananda & Narasimman, Kalaiselvan, 2025. "Utilization of algal biomass-derived carbon in the alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    18. Muhsen, Dhiaa Halboot & Khatib, Tamer & Nagi, Farrukh, 2017. "A review of photovoltaic water pumping system designing methods, control strategies and field performance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 70-86.
    19. Zoghi, Mohammad & Hosseinzadeh, Nasser & Gharaie, Saleh & Zare, Ali, 2025. "4E comprehensive comparison and optimization of different renewable power sources for green hydrogen production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    20. Chun Yang & Shijun You & Yingzhu Han & Xuan Wang & Ji Li & Lu Wang, 2023. "Research on Optimization Method of Integrated Energy System Network Planning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-15, May.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:255:y:2025:i:c:s096014812501359x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.