A coordinated predictive scheduling and real-time adaptive control for integrated building energy systems with hybrid storage and rooftop PV

In recent years, the deployment of rooftop PV with energy storage systems on the demand side has become increasingly prevalent for sustainable development and the carbon-neutral target. However, the synergistic control of hybrid storage and the uncertainties in PV generation are two major challenges in the optimization of integrated building energy system management. Therefore, this paper proposes a double-layer coordinated control strategy. In the first layer, an optimal day-ahead predictive scheduling strategy is developed under Time-of-Use and Feed-in electricity tariffs considering the dynamic characteristics of active electrical and thermal energy storage systems and the comparison between the fixed and seasonal PV tilts. In the second layer, a real-time control scheme consisting of several rule-based adaptive strategies is developed in response to any deviations between the predicted and actual energy flow. Results of the case study show that the proposed coordinated control can effectively improve the system's energy and economic performance. By regulating the electrical storage state and activating the demand response capacity of passive building thermal storage in the adaptive control scheme, the additional consumption and cost caused by the actual insufficiency of PV generation can be minimized while maintaining indoor thermal comfort at an acceptable level. Compared with the completely rule-based strategy in the baseline scenario, the proposed control strategy increases PV self-consumption by 3 % and reduces the total energy consumption and electricity costs by 3.45 % and 8.01 %, respectively.