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An eco-friendly acidic catalyst phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride for efficient conversion of fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

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  • Cai, Bo
  • Kang, Rui
  • Guo, Dayi
  • Feng, Junfeng
  • Ma, Tianyi
  • Pan, Hui

Abstract

An eco-friendly and stable metal-free acidic catalyst phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride (P–UCN) synthesized for the highly efficient dehydration of fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was presented. The acidic sites (P sites) were introduced into the g-C3N4 structure via a simple thermal polycondensation of urea. A 91.7% HMF yield was achieved with optimal P–UCN catalyst under mild reaction conditions (160 °C, 3 h). XPS and NMR characterizations of P–UCN catalysts suggested that the P atoms may replace the corner and bay carbon sites, which could provide stable acidic sites for fructose dehydration into HMF. NH3-TPD analysis indicated that a moderate amount of P doped would provide higher catalytic activity for the dehydration reaction. Furthermore, the 1.0P–UCN (real content 1.83 wt%) catalyst was demonstrated high stability in the dehydration system and retained high reactivity after being recycled 5 times. The characterization results of recovered 1.0P–UCN further confirmed that the morphology and structure of the catalyst remained well after the dehydration reaction.

Suggested Citation

  • Cai, Bo & Kang, Rui & Guo, Dayi & Feng, Junfeng & Ma, Tianyi & Pan, Hui, 2022. "An eco-friendly acidic catalyst phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride for efficient conversion of fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1629-1638.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:199:y:2022:i:c:p:1629-1638
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.050
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    References listed on IDEAS

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