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How much land is available for sustainable palm oil?

Author

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  • Tapia, John Frederick D.
  • Doliente, Stephen S.
  • Samsatli, Sheila

Abstract

Current consumption of palm oil accounts for one third of the growing world demand for vegetable oil. Amidst the burgeoning industry, huge ecological costs have been accrued within just three decades due to the rapid oil palm expansion in many parts of the world. Many oil palm plantations are linked to deforestation, biodiversity losses, land use change emissions, among other ecological problems. Total replacement of palm oil could result in even greater adverse environmental consequences as alternative crops will require more land. To satisfy the growing demands in a sustainable manner, any new plantations must be located in environmentally-benign lands. This study identifies and quantifies the potentially available lands in Malaysia and Indonesia through a novel fuzzy GIS-based land suitability analysis. Three maps were generated: biophysically suitable land, based on optimal conditions for oil palm cultivation, excluding peatlands and existing protected areas; environmentally suitable land, further excluding forest cover; and potentially available land, further excluding existing plantations and other land uses. About 4.5 million hectares of available land for new plantations have been identified that could provide 1.3 million tonnes per year of sustainable palm oil. However, most of these areas are fragmented and scattered throughout the entire archipelago, which could pose economic and socio-political hurdles to developers of sustainable palm oil. With affordable and fairer certification schemes, sustainable oil palm plantations can be achieved by smallholders on these potentially available lands. Yield improvement and biodiversity restoration of existing plantations should be the focus through revitalised sustainable agriculture and strategic forest conservation policies, respectively. The maps provide valuable policy insights into the possibility of future sustainable oil palm plantations and a starting point for on-the-ground assessment and further verification.

Suggested Citation

  • Tapia, John Frederick D. & Doliente, Stephen S. & Samsatli, Sheila, 2021. "How much land is available for sustainable palm oil?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:102:y:2021:i:c:s0264837720325254
    DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105187
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    Cited by:

    1. Ogahara, Zoë & Jespersen, Kristjan & Theilade, Ida & Nielsen, Martin Reinhard, 2022. "Review of smallholder palm oil sustainability reveals limited positive impacts and identifies key implementation and knowledge gaps," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    2. Gallemore, Caleb & Jespersen, Kristjan & Olmsted, Paige, 2022. "Harnessing relational values for global value chain sustainability: Reframing the roundtable on sustainable palm oil's offset mechanism to support smallholders," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    3. Viccaro, Mauro & Caniani, Donatella & Masi, Salvatore & Romano, Severino & Cozzi, Mario, 2022. "Biofuels or not biofuels? The “Nexus Thinking” in land suitability analysis for energy crops," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 1050-1064.

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