IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/glofin/v37y2018icp39-56.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Disentangling the impacts of industrial and global diversification on firm risk

Author

Listed:
  • Jafarinejad, Mohammad
  • Ngo, Thanh
  • Escobari, Diego

Abstract

We examine the impact of corporate diversification on firm risk exposure from 1998 to 2016. We find that both global and industrial diversification mitigate idiosyncratic and world market risk while having a negligible impact on U.S. market risk, but the effects vary before, during, and after the financial crisis of 2007–2009. Before the crisis, only global diversification mitigates idiosyncratic risk, but it increases firms' exposure to world market risk. During the crisis, industrial diversification increases idiosyncratic risk, but both types of diversification increase exposure to U.S. market risk. After the crisis, both types of diversification increase firms' exposure to U.S. market risk but have negligible impact on idiosyncratic and world market risk. Our findings remain robust after we control for the potential endogeneity of the diversification decision through various self-selection models.

Suggested Citation

  • Jafarinejad, Mohammad & Ngo, Thanh & Escobari, Diego, 2018. "Disentangling the impacts of industrial and global diversification on firm risk," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 39-56.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:glofin:v:37:y:2018:i:c:p:39-56
    DOI: 10.1016/j.gfj.2018.04.006
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104402831730443X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.gfj.2018.04.006?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xi He, 2012. "Two Sides of a Coin: Endogenous and Exogenous Effects of Corporate Diversification on Firm Value," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 12(4), pages 375-397, December.
    2. Hund, John & Monk, Donald & Tice, Sheri, 2010. "Uncertainty about average profitability and the diversification discount," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(3), pages 463-484, June.
    3. Lee, Bong Soo & Li, Ming-Yuan Leon, 2012. "Diversification and risk-adjusted performance: A quantile regression approach," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 2157-2173.
    4. Alan M Rugman, 1976. "Risk Reduction by International Diversification," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 7(2), pages 75-80, June.
    5. Hughes, John S. & Logue, Dennis E. & Sweeney, Richard James, 1975. "Corporate International Diversification and Market Assigned Measures of Risk and Diversification," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(4), pages 627-637, November.
    6. Bartov, Eli & Bodnar, Gordon M. & Kaul, Aditya, 1996. "Exchange rate variability and the riskiness of U.S. multinational firms: Evidence from the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 105-132, September.
    7. Avinash K. Dixit & Robert S. Pindyck, 1994. "Investment under Uncertainty," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 1, number 5474.
    8. Chuck C Y Kwok & David M Reeb, 2000. "Internationalization and Firm Risk: An Upstream-Downstream Hypothesis," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 31(4), pages 611-629, December.
    9. Aggarwal, Raj & Harper, Joel T., 2010. "Foreign exchange exposure of "domestic" corporations," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(8), pages 1619-1636, December.
    10. Xi He, 2009. "Corporate Diversification and Firm Value: Evidence from Post‐1997 Data," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 9(4), pages 359-385, December.
    11. repec:bla:jfinan:v:43:y:1988:i:5:p:1161-75 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Rebecca N. Hann & Maria Ogneva & Oguzhan Ozbas, 2013. "Corporate Diversification and the Cost of Capital," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 68(5), pages 1961-1999, October.
    13. Heckman, James, 2013. "Sample selection bias as a specification error," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 31(3), pages 129-137.
    14. René M. Stulz, 1999. "Golbalization, Corporate Finance, And The Cost Of Capital," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 12(3), pages 8-25, September.
    15. Meyer, Thomas O. & Rose, Lawrence C., 2003. "The persistence of international diversification benefits before and during the Asian crisis," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 217-242, July.
    16. Fatemi, Ali M, 1984. "Shareholder Benefits from Corporate International Diversification," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 39(5), pages 1325-1344, December.
    17. David J. Denis & Diane K. Denis & Keven Yost, 2002. "Global Diversification, Industrial Diversification, and Firm Value," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(5), pages 1951-1979, October.
    18. Allen Michel & Israel Shaked, 1986. "Multinational Corporations vs Domestic Corporations: Financial Performance and Characteristics," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 17(3), pages 89-100, September.
    19. Harris, Robert S & Ravenscraft, David, 1991. "The Role of Acquisitions in Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from the U.S. Stock Market," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(3), pages 825-844, July.
    20. Olibe, Kingsley O. & Michello, Franklin A. & Thorne, Jerry, 2008. "Systematic risk and international diversification: An empirical perspective," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 681-698, September.
    21. John C. Driscoll & Aart C. Kraay, 1998. "Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation With Spatially Dependent Panel Data," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 80(4), pages 549-560, November.
    22. Jose Manuel Campa & Simi Kedia, 2002. "Explaining the Diversification Discount," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(4), pages 1731-1762, August.
    23. Krapl, Alain A., 2015. "Corporate international diversification and risk," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 1-13.
    24. Brewer, H. L., 1981. "Investor Benefits from Corporate International Diversification," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 16(1), pages 113-126, March.
    25. Ronald W. Best & Charles W. Hodges & Bing‐Xuan Lin, 2004. "Does Information Asymmetry Explain The Diversification Discount?," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 27(2), pages 235-249, June.
    26. Agmon, Tamir & Lessard, Donald R, 1977. "Investor Recognition of Corporate International Diversification," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 32(4), pages 1049-1055, September.
    27. Belén Villalonga, 2004. "Does Diversification Cause the "Diversification Discount"?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 33(2), Summer.
    28. Manuel Ammann & Daniel Hoechle & Markus Schmid, 2012. "Is there Really No Conglomerate Discount?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(1-2), pages 264-288, January.
    29. Ike Mathur & Kyran Hanagan, 1983. "Are Multinational Corporations Superior Investment Vehicles for Achieving International Diversification?," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 14(3), pages 135-146, September.
    30. Israel Shaked, 1986. "Are Multinational Corporations Safer?," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 17(1), pages 83-106, March.
    31. Schwebach, Robert G. & Olienyk, John P. & Zumwalt, J. Kenton, 2002. "The impact of financial crises on international diversification," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 147-161.
    32. Mitton, Todd & Vorkink, Keith, 2010. "Why Do Firms with Diversification Discounts Have Higher Expected Returns?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 45(6), pages 1367-1390, December.
    33. Raffestin, Louis, 2014. "Diversification and systemic risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 85-106.
    34. David M Reeb & Chuck C Y Kwok & H Young Baek, 1998. "Systematic Risk of the Multinational Corporation," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 29(2), pages 263-279, June.
    35. Daniel Hoechle, 2007. "Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 7(3), pages 281-312, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mao, Jinzhou & Yang, Siying, 2024. "Changes in supply chain relationships and the enterprise internationalization process," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(PB).
    2. Ginevičius Romualdas, 2023. "Improving the assessment of the diversification of construction companies," Engineering Management in Production and Services, Sciendo, vol. 15(2), pages 46-54, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Charee Kwak, 2017. "The Effect of Corporate International Diversification on Firm Risk," Discussion Papers 2017-17, Kobe University, Graduate School of Business Administration.
    2. Aabo, Tom & Pantzalis, Christos & Sørensen, Helle & Toustrup, Malene Teilmann, 2016. "Corporate risk and external sourcing: A study of Scandinavian multinational firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(6), pages 1297-1308.
    3. Atanas Mihov & Andy Naranjo, 2019. "Corporate internationalization, subsidiary locations, and the cost of equity capital," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 50(9), pages 1544-1565, December.
    4. Jafarinejad, Mohammad & Jory, Surendranath R. & Ngo, Thanh N., 2015. "The effects of institutional ownership on the value and risk of diversified firms," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 207-219.
    5. Krapl, Alain A., 2015. "Corporate international diversification and risk," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 1-13.
    6. Christin Höge-Junge & Stefan Eckert, 2024. "Multinationality and systematic risk: a literature review and meta-analysis," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 74(1), pages 377-414, February.
    7. Chiung-Jung Chen & Chwo-Ming Joseph Yu, 2011. "FDI, Export, and Capital Structure," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 295-320, June.
    8. Jones, Edward & Kwansa, Nana Abena & Li, Hao, 2020. "How does internationalization affect capital raising decisions? Evidence from UK firms," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 57.
    9. Batten, Jonathan A. & Khaw, Karren Lee-Hwei & Young, Martin R., 2021. "Convertible debt and asset substitution of multinational corporations," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    10. S. Veeramani & Abha Shukla & Mariam Jamaleh, 2020. "Financial theories of foreign direct investment: a review of literature," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 47(2), pages 185-217, June.
    11. Wang, Zhimin & Ettinger, Marilyn & Xie, Yuying & Xu, Li, 2020. "The cost of capital: U.S.-based multinational corporations versus U.S. domestic corporations," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    12. Young Sang Kim & Junyoup Lee & Ha-Chin Yi, 2021. "Is Foreign Exchange Risk Priced in Bank Loan Spreads?," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 57(3), pages 1061-1092, October.
    13. Puhr, Harald & Müllner, Jakob, 2022. "Foreign to all but fluent in many: The effect of multinationality on shock resilience," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(6).
    14. Deligonul, Seyda Z., 2020. "Multinational country risk: Exposure to asset holding risk and operating risk in international business," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(2).
    15. Oesterle, Michael-Jörg & Richta, Hannah Noriko & Fisch, Jan Hendrik, 2013. "The influence of ownership structure on internationalization," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 187-201.
    16. Kim, Huong Trang & Papanastassiou, Marina & Nguyen, Quang, 2017. "Multinationals and the impact of corruption on financial derivatives use and firm value: Evidence from East Asia," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 39-59.
    17. Quyen T. K. Nguyen, 2017. "Multinationality and Performance Literature: A Critical Review and Future Research Agenda," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(3), pages 311-347, June.
    18. Halabi, Hussein & Alshehabi, Ahmad & Wood, Geoffrey & Khan, Zaheer & Afrifa, Godfred, 2021. "The impact of international diversification on credit scores: Evidence from the UK," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(6).
    19. Stefan Erdorf & Thomas Hartmann-Wendels & Nicolas Heinrichs & Michael Matz, 2013. "Corporate diversification and firm value: a survey of recent literature," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 27(2), pages 187-215, June.
    20. Allen N. Berger & Sadok El Ghoul & Omrane Guedhami & Raluca A. Roman, 2017. "Internationalization and Bank Risk," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(7), pages 2283-2301, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial crisis; Global diversification; Industrial diversification; Idiosyncratic risk; Systematic risk;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G30 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - General
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:glofin:v:37:y:2018:i:c:p:39-56. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620162 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.