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Reference states

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  • Ahrendts, Joachim

Abstract

Reference states crucially determine the availability of all systems. This paper examines the necessary conditions imposed on any definition of reference states by thermodynamic theory, and stresses the requirement of the reference system to be in internal equilibrium. The degree of determination of the reference system necessary for availability balances is discussed. The reference systems in current use are reviewed, and it is shown that they are not suitable to give an accurate value of the chemical contribution to a system's availability. To include the chemical contribution in a consistent way, the author proposes an equilibrium system formed by the atmosphere, the oceans, and a layer of the solid crust of the earth to define a reference state. There is a surprising implication concerning the availability of oxygen, which is discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahrendts, Joachim, 1980. "Reference states," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 5(8), pages 666-677.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:5:y:1980:i:8:p:666-677
    DOI: 10.1016/0360-5442(80)90087-0
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    1. Costa, Márcio Macedo & Schaeffer, Roberto & Worrell, Ernst, 2001. "Exergy accounting of energy and materials flows in steel production systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 363-384.
    2. Ruth, Matthias, 1995. "Information, order and knowledge in economic and ecological systems: implications for material and energy use," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 99-114, May.
    3. Fernández-Villacé, Víctor & Paniagua, Guillermo, 2013. "On the exergetic effectiveness of combined-cycle engines for high speed propulsion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 382-394.
    4. Petrakopoulou, Fontina & Robinson, Alexander & Loizidou, Maria, 2016. "Simulation and evaluation of a hybrid concentrating-solar and wind power plant for energy autonomy on islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 863-871.
    5. Dincer, Ibrahim, 2002. "The role of exergy in energy policy making," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 137-149, January.
    6. Whiting, Kai & Carmona, Luis Gabriel & Sousa, Tânia, 2017. "A review of the use of exergy to evaluate the sustainability of fossil fuels and non-fuel mineral depletion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 202-211.
    7. Yari, M. & Mehr, A.S. & Zare, V. & Mahmoudi, S.M.S. & Rosen, M.A., 2015. "Exergoeconomic comparison of TLC (trilateral Rankine cycle), ORC (organic Rankine cycle) and Kalina cycle using a low grade heat source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 712-722.
    8. Sayadi, Saeed & Tsatsaronis, George & Duelk, Christian, 2014. "Exergoeconomic analysis of vehicular PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell systems with and without expander," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 608-622.
    9. Dincer, I. & Hussain, M. M. & Al-Zaharnah, I., 2004. "Energy and exergy use in public and private sector of Saudi Arabia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(14), pages 1615-1624, September.
    10. Yang, Yongping & Wang, Ligang & Dong, Changqing & Xu, Gang & Morosuk, Tatiana & Tsatsaronis, George, 2013. "Comprehensive exergy-based evaluation and parametric study of a coal-fired ultra-supercritical power plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1087-1099.
    11. Valero, Alicia & Valero, Antonio & Vieillard, Philippe, 2012. "The thermodynamic properties of the upper continental crust: Exergy, Gibbs free energy and enthalpy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 121-127.
    12. Mellino, Salvatore & Ripa, Maddalena & Zucaro, Amalia & Ulgiati, Sergio, 2014. "An emergy–GIS approach to the evaluation of renewable resource flows: A case study of Campania Region, Italy," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 271(C), pages 103-112.
    13. Rašković, Predrag & Guzović, Zvonimir & Cvetković, Svetislav, 2013. "Performance analysis of electricity generation by the medium temperature geothermal resources: Velika Ciglena case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 11-31.
    14. Hermann, Weston A., 2006. "Quantifying global exergy resources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(12), pages 1685-1702.
    15. Saffari, Hamid & Sadeghi, Sadegh & Khoshzat, Mohsen & Mehregan, Pooyan, 2016. "Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of a geothermal Kalina cycle system using Artificial Bee Colony algorithm," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 154-167.
    16. Peters, Jens F. & Petrakopoulou, Fontina & Dufour, Javier, 2015. "Exergy analysis of synthetic biofuel production via fast pyrolysis and hydroupgrading," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 325-336.
    17. Zare, V. & Mahmoudi, S.M.S. & Yari, M. & Amidpour, M., 2012. "Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of an ammonia–water power/cooling cogeneration cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 271-283.
    18. Ruth, Matthias, 1995. "Thermodynamic constraints on optimal depletion of copper and aluminum in the United States: a dynamic model of substitution and technical change," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 197-213, December.
    19. Kyrke Gaudreau & Roydon A. Fraser & Stephen Murphy, 2012. "The Characteristics of the Exergy Reference Environment and Its Implications for Sustainability-Based Decision-Making," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(7), pages 1-17, July.

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