IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v324y2025ics036054422501730x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Development of real-road CO2 emission factors for diesel light-duty vehicles across diverse driving conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Park, Jisu
  • Lee, Hongjin
  • Park, Sungwook

Abstract

The transportation sector is a major contributor to global CO2 emissions, necessitating effective strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This study develops a robust methodology for estimating CO2 emissions from diesel light-duty vehicles (LDVs) based on real-road driving data. By analyzing the relationships between CO2 emissions and key vehicle parameters, including curb weight, engine displacement, engine rated power, and driving resistance, CO2 emission factors were derived for diverse driving conditions: Urban (traffic), Urban (normal), Rural, and Motorway. Using multiple linear regression, the study incorporates highly correlated parameters to create practical and accurate emission factor models. Validation was conducted using two vehicles with commonly observed specifications, and independent test data showed prediction errors ranging from 1 % to 5 %, demonstrating the model's reliability in reflecting real-world conditions. This study provides emission factors tailored to real-road conditions, enabling precise CO2 estimation under diverse driving scenarios and enhancing the understanding of vehicle emissions in practical applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Park, Jisu & Lee, Hongjin & Park, Sungwook, 2025. "Development of real-road CO2 emission factors for diesel light-duty vehicles across diverse driving conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:324:y:2025:i:c:s036054422501730x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.136088
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054422501730X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.136088?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Zhihong & Luo, Kangwei & Yu, Hongsen & Feng, Kai & Ding, Hang, 2024. "NOx Emission prediction of heavy-duty diesel vehicles based on Bayesian optimization -Gated Recurrent Unit algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    2. Bishop, Justin D.K. & Stettler, Marc E.J. & Molden, N. & Boies, Adam M., 2016. "Engine maps of fuel use and emissions from transient driving cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 202-217.
    3. Tsiakmakis, Stefanos & Fontaras, Georgios & Ciuffo, Biagio & Samaras, Zissis, 2017. "A simulation-based methodology for quantifying European passenger car fleet CO2 emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 447-465.
    4. Zhang, Shaojun & Wu, Ye & Liu, Huan & Huang, Ruikun & Yang, Liuhanzi & Li, Zhenhua & Fu, Lixin & Hao, Jiming, 2014. "Real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of urban public buses in Beijing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1645-1655.
    5. Hooftman, Nils & Messagie, Maarten & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Coosemans, Thierry, 2018. "A review of the European passenger car regulations – Real driving emissions vs local air quality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 1-21.
    6. Chen, Jianan & Wang, Kun & Yu, Hao & Chen, Hao & Zhao, Feiyang & Yu, Wenbin, 2024. "A novel VSP-based CO2 emission model for ICEs and HEVs based on internally observable variables: Engine operating speeds," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    7. Mera, Zamir & Varella, Roberto & Baptista, Patrícia & Duarte, Gonçalo & Rosero, Fredy, 2022. "Including engine data for energy and pollutants assessment into the vehicle specific power methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    8. Giakoumis, E.G. & Alafouzos, A.I., 2010. "Study of diesel engine performance and emissions during a Transient Cycle applying an engine mapping-based methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(4), pages 1358-1365, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Salvo, Orlando de & Vaz de Almeida, Flávio G., 2019. "Influence of technologies on energy efficiency results of official Brazilian tests of vehicle energy consumption," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 98-112.
    2. Rosero, Fredy & Fonseca, Natalia & López, José-María & Casanova, Jesús, 2020. "Real-world fuel efficiency and emissions from an urban diesel bus engine under transient operating conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    3. Eckert, Jony Javorski & Silva, Fabrício L. & da Silva, Samuel Filgueira & Bueno, André Valente & de Oliveira, Mona Lisa Moura & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2022. "Optimal design and power management control of hybrid biofuel–electric powertrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    4. Mera, Zamir & Varella, Roberto & Baptista, Patrícia & Duarte, Gonçalo & Rosero, Fredy, 2022. "Including engine data for energy and pollutants assessment into the vehicle specific power methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    5. Mogno, Caterina & Fontaras, Georgios & Arcidiacono, Vincenzo & Komnos, Dimitrios & Pavlovic, Jelica & Ciuffo, Biagio & Makridis, Michail & Valverde, Victor, 2022. "The application of the CO2MPAS model for vehicle CO2 emissions estimation over real traffic conditions," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 152-159.
    6. Evangelos G. Giakoumis & George Triantafillou, 2018. "Analysis of the Effect of Vehicle, Driving and Road Parameters on the Transient Performance and Emissions of a Turbocharged Truck," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-21, January.
    7. Fredy Rosero & Carlos Xavier Rosero & Carlos Segovia, 2024. "Towards Simpler Approaches for Assessing Fuel Efficiency and CO 2 Emissions of Vehicle Engines in Real Traffic Conditions Using On-Board Diagnostic Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-18, September.
    8. Frondel, Manuel & Marggraf, Clemens & Sommer, Stephan & Vance, Colin, 2021. "Reducing vehicle cold start emissions through carbon pricing: Evidence from Germany," Ruhr Economic Papers 896, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
    9. Hooftman, Nils & Messagie, Maarten & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Coosemans, Thierry, 2018. "A review of the European passenger car regulations – Real driving emissions vs local air quality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 1-21.
    10. S. M. Ashrafur Rahman & I. M. Rizwanul Fattah & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Fajle Rabbi Ashik & Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan & Md Tausif Murshed & Md Ashraful Imran & Md Hamidur Rahman & Md Akibur Rahman & Mohammad, 2021. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-32, July.
    11. Chen, Jianan & Wang, Kun & Yu, Hao & Chen, Hao & Zhao, Feiyang & Yu, Wenbin, 2024. "A novel VSP-based CO2 emission model for ICEs and HEVs based on internally observable variables: Engine operating speeds," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    12. Karol Tucki & Remigiusz Mruk & Olga Orynycz & Katarzyna Botwińska & Arkadiusz Gola & Anna Bączyk, 2019. "Toxicity of Exhaust Fumes (CO, NO x ) of the Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engine with the Use of Simulation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, April.
    13. Zhang, Shaojun & Wu, Ye & Un, Puikei & Fu, Lixin & Hao, Jiming, 2016. "Modeling real-world fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions with high resolution for light-duty passenger vehicles in a traffic populated city," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 461-471.
    14. Tong, Zheming & Chen, Yujiao & Malkawi, Ali & Liu, Zhu & Freeman, Richard B., 2016. "Energy saving potential of natural ventilation in China: The impact of ambient air pollution," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 660-668.
    15. Xinglong Liu & Fuquan Zhao & Han Hao & Kangda Chen & Zongwei Liu & Hassan Babiker & Amer Ahmad Amer, 2020. "From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-19, July.
    16. Miranda, Matheus H.R. & Silva, Fabrício L. & Lourenço, Maria A.M. & Eckert, Jony J. & Silva, Ludmila C.A., 2022. "Vehicle drivetrain and fuzzy controller optimization using a planar dynamics simulation based on a real-world driving cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    17. Miroslaw Smieszek & Vasyl Mateichyk & Jakub Mosciszewski, 2024. "The Influence of Stops on the Selected Route of the City ITS on the Energy Efficiency of the Public Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-26, August.
    18. Karol Tucki & Remigiusz Mruk & Olga Orynycz & Andrzej Wasiak & Katarzyna Botwińska & Arkadiusz Gola, 2019. "Simulation of the Operation of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Various Biofuels and Its Contribution to Technology Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-17, May.
    19. Liyan Feng & Jun Zhai & Lei Chen & Wuqiang Long & Jiangping Tian & Bin Tang, 2017. "Increasing the application of gas engines to decrease China’s GHG emissions," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 22(6), pages 839-861, August.
    20. Kinsella, L. & Stefaniec, A. & Foley, A. & Caulfield, B., 2023. "Pathways to decarbonising the transport sector: The impacts of electrifying taxi fleets," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:324:y:2025:i:c:s036054422501730x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.