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Life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost assessment of power batteries for all-electric vessels for short-sea navigation

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  • Perčić, Maja
  • Frković, Lovro
  • Pukšec, Tomislav
  • Ćosić, Boris
  • Li, Oi Lun
  • Vladimir, Nikola

Abstract

Environmental regulations are gradually striving to decarbonize short-sea navigation fostering the replacement of the conventional power systems with alternative ones. The electrification of ships has been proposed in the literature as a pathway to zero-emission shipping. Among various alternatives, batteries could ensure full conformity with the tightening emission restrictions. However, appropriate batteries for short-sea navigation need to be investigated, since each battery technology has its own environmental impacts and characteristics such as energy density, number of battery cycles, cost, fast charging ability and safety. The aim of this research is to compare the conventional power system with a diesel engine and alternative power system with a selected battery to identify convenient technology for zero-emission shipping according to the environmental and economic criteria. The Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Life-Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) are performed to analyze environmental and economic performance of different powering options. The analysis included ro-ro passenger ships from the Croatian short-sea navigation, highlighting the electrification by a Lithium-ion battery as the most appropriate alternative according to environmental and economic indicators.

Suggested Citation

  • Perčić, Maja & Frković, Lovro & Pukšec, Tomislav & Ćosić, Boris & Li, Oi Lun & Vladimir, Nikola, 2022. "Life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost assessment of power batteries for all-electric vessels for short-sea navigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:251:y:2022:i:c:s0360544222007988
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123895
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    2. Huang, Jiangfan & An, Qing & Zhou, Mingyu & Tang, Ruoli & Dong, Zhengcheng & Lai, Jingang & Li, Xin & Yang, Xiangguo, 2024. "A self-adaptive joint optimization framework for marine hybrid energy storage system design considering load fluctuation characteristics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 361(C).
    3. Kirkels, A.F. & Liu, H. & Romijn, H.A. & Durgaprasad, S. & Polinder, H. & Goudsmit, M. & Hoorani, N., 2026. "Batteries for sustainable shipping: Current status and potential roles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PB).
    4. Anastasios Ziakas & Maria Boile, 2025. "Toward zero-emission ferries: integrating systematic review and bibliometric analysis insights on alternative fuels and policies," Journal of Shipping and Trade, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 1-37, December.
    5. Kanchiralla, Fayas Malik & Grunditz, Emma & Nordelöf, Anders & Brynolf, Selma & Wikner, Evelina, 2025. "Environmental and economic assessment of electric ferries with different lithium-ion battery technologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 396(C).
    6. Ha, Seungman & Jang, Hayoung & Park, Chybyung & Jeong, Byongug, 2026. "A prospective life cycle assessment framework for sustainable renewable fuels in international shipping: Hydrogen based e fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PA).
    7. Yang, Xue & Li, Bo & Cui, Xinhao & Zhang, Siyue & Ji, Ziguang & Ren, Yi & Kaku, Ikou & Xiao, Yiyong, 2025. "Reliability-based optimization of economic life forward design for complex systems in uncertain task environments," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 264(PB).
    8. Frković, Lovro & Ćosić, Boris & Pukšec, Tomislav & Vladimir, Nikola, 2022. "The synergy between the photovoltaic power systems and battery-powered electric ferries in the isolated energy system of an island," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    9. Cui, Ziyu & Fu, Xiaowen & Wu, Xiangru & Wang, Kun, 2025. "Optimal subsidy scheme for electric ship adoption in inland shipping," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).

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