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Comprehensive energy modeling methodology for battery electric buses

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  • Basma, Hussein
  • Mansour, Charbel
  • Haddad, Marc
  • Nemer, Maroun
  • Stabat, Pascal

Abstract

With the announced plans to ban diesel in major European cities from 2025, battery-powered electric buses (BEB) are attracting attention to replace diesel fleets, given their zero tailpipe emissions. However, their large-scale deployment faces several challenges, namely the limited driving range (DR) and the need for adequate charging infrastructure. The limited DR is due to the lower battery specific energy compared to oil-based fuels. Also, the use of electric auxiliaries, especially, air conditioning, reduces the DR further. The DR problem could be resolved either by increasing the battery capacity, which increases the bus cost or by rightsizing the battery alongside an adequate charging strategy to avoid schedule disruption. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive energy modeling of a BEB using Dymola, encompassing the different energy systems encountered in BEB. The proposed model serves as a platform to evaluate the bus energy needs during its service to properly size the battery. A powertrain model is presented to emulate the propulsion load. Then, a cabin model alongside a heating ventilating and air conditioning system are developed emulating the thermal load. Finally, auxiliaries necessary for the bus operation are modeled. The energy consumption of each system is assessed under several operating conditions.

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  • Basma, Hussein & Mansour, Charbel & Haddad, Marc & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2020. "Comprehensive energy modeling methodology for battery electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:207:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220313487
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118241
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    Cited by:

    1. Huang, Xiaohui & Huang, Qi & Cao, Huajun & Wang, Qianyue & Yan, Wanbin & Cao, Le, 2023. "Battery capacity selection for electric construction machinery considering variable operating conditions and multiple interest claims," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
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    3. Basma, Hussein & Haddad, Marc & Mansour, Charbel & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2022. "Evaluation of the techno-economic performance of battery electric buses: Case study of a bus line in paris," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    4. Bie, Yiming & Liu, Yajun & Li, Shiwu & Wang, Linhong, 2022. "HVAC operation planning for electric bus trips based on chance-constrained programming," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
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    6. Szilassy, Péter Ákos & Földes, Dávid, 2022. "Consumption estimation method for battery-electric buses using general line characteristics and temperature," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    7. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.
    8. Hariharan, C. & Gunadevan, D. & Arun Prakash, S. & Latha, K. & Antony Aroul Raj, V. & Velraj, R., 2022. "Simulation of battery energy consumption in an electric car with traction and HVAC model for a given source and destination for reducing the range anxiety of the driver," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    9. Lim, Lek Keng & Muis, Zarina Ab & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Bong, Cassendra Phun Chien, 2023. "Review of the energy forecasting and scheduling model for electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
    10. Bruno Dalla Chiara & Giovanni Pede & Francesco Deflorio & Marco Zanini, 2023. "Electrifying Buses for Public Transport: Boundaries with a Performance Analysis Based on Method and Experience," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-33, September.
    11. Sebastian Angermeier & Jonas Ketterer & Christian Karcher, 2020. "Liquid-Based Battery Temperature Control of Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-20, September.
    12. Zacharof, Nikiforos & Özener, Orkun & Broekaert, Stijn & Özkan, Muammer & Samaras, Zissis & Fontaras, Georgios, 2023. "The impact of bus passenger occupancy, heating ventilation and air conditioning systems on energy consumption and CO2 emissions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    13. Panah, Payam Ghaebi & Bornapour, Mosayeb & Hemmati, Reza & Guerrero, Josep M., 2021. "Charging station Stochastic Programming for Hydrogen/Battery Electric Buses using Multi-Criteria Crow Search Algorithm," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    14. Basma, Hussein & Mansour, Charbel & Haddad, Marc & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2022. "Energy consumption and battery sizing for different types of electric bus service," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).

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