IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v141y2025ics0140988324008041.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Prosumers: Grid vs. individual storage

Author

Listed:
  • Bravo-Melgarejo, Sai
  • Haritchabalet, Carole

Abstract

We present a stylized microeconomic model to analyze solar panels and storage investment decisions of a representative consumer under either grid (credit regulation) or individual (price regulation) storage. We identify the conditions under which prosumers become storers. We show that solar technology must be more competitive under credit than price regulation for consumers to invest in storage. We calibrate our model using French data from 2023 and 2030 and consider batteries and fuel-cells as potential individual storage technologies. France’s current price regulation incentivizes investment in solar capacity, but not in storage. Conversely, credit regulation would immediately encourage energy storage. Looking ahead to 2030, both regulatory frameworks would incentivize energy storage. The distribution system operator prefers credit regulation, provided the regulator allows full energy recovery. Overall, energy storage enhances welfare under both regulatory frameworks.

Suggested Citation

  • Bravo-Melgarejo, Sai & Haritchabalet, Carole, 2025. "Prosumers: Grid vs. individual storage," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:141:y:2025:i:c:s0140988324008041
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.108095
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988324008041
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.108095?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Axel Gautier & Julien Jacqmin & Jean-Christophe Poudou, 2018. "The prosumers and the grid," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 100-126, February.
    2. Severin Borenstein & James Bushnell, 2015. "The US Electricity Industry After 20 Years of Restructuring," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 7(1), pages 437-463, August.
    3. Natalia Fabra & David Rapson & Mar Reguant & Jingyuan Wang, 2021. "Estimating the Elasticity to Real-Time Pricing: Evidence from the Spanish Electricity Market," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, vol. 111, pages 425-429, May.
    4. Lang, Tillmann & Ammann, David & Girod, Bastien, 2016. "Profitability in absence of subsidies: A techno-economic analysis of rooftop photovoltaic self-consumption in residential and commercial buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(P1), pages 77-87.
    5. Severin Borenstein & Stephen Holland, 2005. "On the Efficiency of Competitive Electricity Markets with Time-Invariant Retail Prices," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 36(3), pages 469-493, Autumn.
    6. Durmaz, Tunç, 2016. "Precautionary Storage in Electricity Markets," Discussion Papers 2016/5, Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Business and Management Science.
    7. Bryan Bollinger & Naim Darghouth & Kenneth Gillingham & Andres Gonzalez-Lira, 2023. "Valuing Technology Complementarities: Rooftop Solar and Energy Storage," NBER Working Papers 32003, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    8. Stefan Ambec & Claude Crampes, 2019. "Decarbonizing Electricity Generation with Intermittent Sources of Energy," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 6(6), pages 1105-1134.
    9. Lamp, Stefan & Samano, Mario, 2022. "Large-scale battery storage, short-term market outcomes, and arbitrage," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    10. Gautier, Axel & Jacqmin, Julien & Poudou, Jean-Christophe, 2021. "Optimal grid tariffs with heterogeneous prosumers," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    11. Dato, Prudence & Durmaz, Tunç & Pommeret, Aude, 2020. "Smart grids and renewable electricity generation by households," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    12. Monica Giulietti, Luigi Grossi, Elisa Trujillo Baute, and Michael Waterson, 2018. "Analyzing the Potential Economic Value of Energy Storage," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Special I).
    13. David Andrés‐Cerezo & Natalia Fabra, 2023. "Storing power: market structure matters," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 54(1), pages 3-53, March.
    14. David P. Brown & David E.M. Sappington, 2017. "Designing Compensation for Distributed Solar Generation: Is Net Metering Ever Optimal?," The Energy Journal, , vol. 38(3), pages 1-32, May.
    15. Mir-Artigues, Pere & del Río, Pablo & Cerdá, Emilio, 2018. "The impact of regulation on demand-side generation. The case of Spain," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 286-291.
    16. De Groote, Olivier & Pepermans, Guido & Verboven, Frank, 2016. "Heterogeneity in the adoption of photovoltaic systems in Flanders," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 45-57.
    17. Elminejad, Ali & Havranek, Tomas & Irsova, Zuzana, 2022. "Relative Risk Aversion: A Meta-Analysis," EconStor Preprints 260586, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    18. R. Andrew Butters & Jackson Dorsey & Gautam Gowrisankaran, 2021. "Soaking Up the Sun: Battery Investment, Renewable Energy, and Market Equilibrium," NBER Working Papers 29133, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    19. Carsten Helm & Mathias Mier, 2018. "Subsidising Renewables but Taxing Storage? Second-Best Policies with Imperfect Pricing," Working Papers V-413-18, University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics, revised Oct 2018.
    20. Jean-Christophe Poudou & Axel Gautier & Julien Jacqmin, 2018. "The prosumers and the grid," Post-Print hal-01810028, HAL.
    21. Andreolli, Francesca & D’Alpaos, Chiara & Moretto, Michele, 2022. "Valuing investments in domestic PV-Battery Systems under uncertainty," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    22. Severin Borenstein, 2005. "The Long-Run Efficiency of Real-Time Electricity Pricing," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 3), pages 93-116.
    23. Antweiler, Werner, 2021. "Microeconomic models of electricity storage: Price Forecasting, arbitrage limits, curtailment insurance, and transmission line utilization," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    24. Sioshansi, Ramteen & Denholm, Paul & Jenkin, Thomas & Weiss, Jurgen, 2009. "Estimating the value of electricity storage in PJM: Arbitrage and some welfare effects," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 269-277, March.
    25. repec:osf:metaar:b8uhe_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
    26. Severin Borenstein, 2005. "The Long-Run Efficiency of Real-Time Electricity Pricing," The Energy Journal, , vol. 26(3), pages 93-116, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sai Bravo & Carole Haritchabalet, 2023. "Prosumers: Grid Storage vs Small Fuel-Cell," Working papers of Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales (TREE) hal-04119625, HAL.
    2. Sai Bravo & Carole Haritchabalet, 2023. "Prosumers: Grid Storage vs Small Fuel-Cell," Working Papers hal-04119625, HAL.
    3. De Groote, Olivier & Gautier, Axel & Verboven, Frank, 2024. "The political economy of financing climate policy — Evidence from the solar PV subsidy programs," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    4. Lamp, Stefan & Samano, Mario, 2022. "Large-scale battery storage, short-term market outcomes, and arbitrage," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    5. Bruno Moreno Rodrigo de Freitas, 2020. "Quantifying the effect of regulated volumetric electriciy tariffs on residential PV adoption under net metering scheme," Working papers of CATT hal-02976874, HAL.
    6. Fabra, Natalia, 2021. "The energy transition: An industrial economics perspective," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    7. Bruno Moreno Rodrigo de Freitas, 2020. "Quantifying the effect of regulated volumetric electriciy tariffs on residential PV adoption under net metering scheme," Working Papers hal-02976874, HAL.
    8. Ahmed S. Alahmed & Lang Tong, 2022. "Integrating Distributed Energy Resources: Optimal Prosumer Decisions and Impacts of Net Metering Tariffs," Papers 2204.06115, arXiv.org, revised May 2022.
    9. Hashemi, Majid & Jenkins, Glenn & Milne, Frank, 2023. "Rooftop solar with net metering: An integrated investment appraisal," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    10. Gautier, Axel & Jacqmin, Julien & Poudou, Jean-Christophe, 2025. "The energy community and the grid," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    11. Gautier, Axel & Jacqmin, Julien & Poudou, Jean-Christophe, 2021. "Optimal grid tariffs with heterogeneous prosumers," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    12. Axel Gautier & Julien Jacqmin, 2020. "PV adoption: the role of distribution tariffs under net metering," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 53-73, February.
    13. Axel Gautier & Julien Jacqmin & Jean-Christophe Poudou, 2018. "The prosumers and the grid," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 100-126, February.
    14. Boampong, Richard & Brown, David P., 2020. "On the benefits of behind-the-meter rooftop solar and energy storage: The importance of retail rate design," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    15. Boccard, Nicolas & Gautier, Axel, 2021. "Solar rebound: The unintended consequences of subsidies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    16. Tunç Durmaz & Aude Pommeret & Ian Ridley, 2017. "Willingness to Pay for Solar Panels and Smart Grids," Working Papers 2017.24, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
    17. Leslie, Gordon W. & Pourkhanali, Armin & Roger, Guillaume, 2024. "Is the clean energy transition making fixed-rate electricity tariffs regressive?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    18. Brown, David P. & Muehlenbachs, Lucija, 2024. "The value of electricity reliability: Evidence from battery adoption," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    19. Jesse Buchsbaum & Catherine Hausman & Johanna L Mathieu & Jing Peng, 2024. "Spillovers from ancillary services to wholesale energy markets," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 55(1), pages 87-111, March.
    20. Giulietti, Monica & Le Coq, Chloé & Willems, Bert & Anaya, Karim, 2019. "Smart Consumers in the Internet of Energy : Flexibility Markets & Services from Distributed Energy Resources," Other publications TiSEM 2edb43b5-bbd6-487d-abdf-7, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Renewable energy; Storage; Decentralized production; Batteries; Hydrogen;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D15 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Intertemporal Household Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
    • D24 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity
    • Q41 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Demand and Supply; Prices
    • Q42 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Alternative Energy Sources
    • L94 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities - - - Electric Utilities

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:141:y:2025:i:c:s0140988324008041. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.