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Influence of air conditioning management on heat island in Paris air street temperatures

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  • Tremeac, Brice
  • Bousquet, Pierre
  • de Munck, Cecile
  • Pigeon, Gregoire
  • Masson, Valery
  • Marchadier, Colette
  • Merchat, Michele
  • Poeuf, Pierre
  • Meunier, Francis

Abstract

Projections of future climate suggest increases in extreme temperatures particularly in mid latitudes. In addition, the effect of heat waves, which are becoming a major “summer killer”, is exacerbated in urban areas owing to the heat island effect. Air conditioning (A/C) is a key parameter for health problems in case of heat waves since, on one hand, it reduces mortality but, on the other hand, depending on the heat management, it can increase street temperature therefore increasing the air cooling demand. Results of a meso-scale meteorological model (MESO-NH), coupled to an urban energy balance model including a simplified building model (TEB), are used. Simulations based on a realistic spatial cartography of air-cooled chillers and cooling towers in the city of Paris and surroundings have been performed. The simulation period corresponds to the extreme heat wave in Paris: 9–13 August 2003. Five scenarios will be discussed: firstly a baseline without air-conditioning (NO-AC scenario); secondly the actual situation including individual air dry coolers, wet cooling towers and an urban cooling network relying on free-cooling (water-cooled A/C with the river Seine) (REAL scenario). A third scenario will assume that all the heat is rejected as sensible heat in the atmosphere (DRY AC scenario). Two other scenarios correspond to a prospective where A/C is doubled. Scenario 4 assumes that all the heat is rejected as sensible heat in the atmosphere (DRY ACx2 scenario). On the opposite, scenario 5 assumes that all the heat is rejected underground or in the river Seine (NOREJ scenario). Results show that A/C affects the UHI depending on its management. A detailed analysis on selected districts shows that the local temperature variation resulting from heat island is proportional to the sensible heat rejected locally by A/C, indicating that a clever A/C management is all the more important to provide comfort and to mitigate heat island. Moreover, the incidence of the sky view factor is also discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Tremeac, Brice & Bousquet, Pierre & de Munck, Cecile & Pigeon, Gregoire & Masson, Valery & Marchadier, Colette & Merchat, Michele & Poeuf, Pierre & Meunier, Francis, 2012. "Influence of air conditioning management on heat island in Paris air street temperatures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 102-110.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:95:y:2012:i:c:p:102-110
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.02.015
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    1. Kikegawa, Yukihiro & Genchi, Yutaka & Kondo, Hiroaki & Hanaki, Keisuke, 2006. "Impacts of city-block-scale countermeasures against urban heat-island phenomena upon a building's energy-consumption for air-conditioning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(6), pages 649-668, June.
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    5. Foudi, Sébastien & Spadaro, Joseph V. & Chiabai, Aline & Polanco-Martínez, Josué M. & Neumann, Marc B., 2017. "The climatic dependencies of urban ecosystem services from green roofs: Threshold effects and non-linearity," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 223-233.
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    7. Santágata, Daniela M. & Castesana, Paula & Rössler, Cristina E. & Gómez, Darío R., 2017. "Extreme temperature events affecting the electricity distribution system of the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires (1971–2013)," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 404-414.
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    9. Radhi, Hassan & Sharples, Stephen, 2013. "Quantifying the domestic electricity consumption for air-conditioning due to urban heat islands in hot arid regions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 371-380.
    10. Karin Lundgren & Tord Kjellstrom, 2013. "Sustainability Challenges from Climate Change and Air Conditioning Use in Urban Areas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 5(7), pages 1-13, July.
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    12. Rempel, Alexandra R. & Danis, Jackson & Rempel, Alan W. & Fowler, Michael & Mishra, Sandipan, 2022. "Improving the passive survivability of residential buildings during extreme heat events in the Pacific Northwest," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    13. Patryk Antoszewski & Michał Krzyżaniak & Dariusz Świerk, 2022. "The Future of Climate-Resilient and Climate-Neutral City in the Temperate Climate Zone," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-60, April.
    14. Ulpiani, Giulia & di Perna, Costanzo & Zinzi, Michele, 2019. "Water nebulization to counteract urban overheating: Development and experimental test of a smart logic to maximize energy efficiency and outdoor environmental quality," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1091-1113.
    15. Meng, Fanchao & Zhang, Lei & Ren, Guoyu & Zhang, Ruixue, 2023. "Impacts of UHI on variations in cooling loads in buildings during heatwaves: A case study of Beijing and Tianjin, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).

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