Collaborative planning of hydrogen refuelling stations and DRGs in ADN for distributed energy consumption and flexibility enhancement

Integrating hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) equipped with the on-site electrolyser and fuel cell into the active distribution network (ADN) enhances both the consumption of distributed renewable generators' (DRGs) power generation and the operational flexibility of the ADN. To achieve this goal, a two-stage robust model is proposed for the collaborative planning of HRSs and DRGs within the ADN, encompassing investment and operation stages. In the investment stage, the site selection and component capacity determination of HRSs and DRGs are collaboratively determined. In the operation stage, the optimal scheduling of the ADN considering the relationship between the ADN and the transportation network (TN) is derived based on the planning results from the investment stage. By simulating the operation of the ADN with HRSs and DRGs in the operation stage, the optimal collaborative planning results that minimizes the total costs is determined. A user equilibrium (UE) traffic flow model is introduced to describe the travel and refuelling behaviours of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) in the TN and to estimate their hydrogen refuelling demands. The two-stage robust collaborative planning model (TRCPM) is derived using robust optimisation to manage uncertainty and some linearisation techniques as well as the Nested Column-and-Constraint Generation (NC&CG) algorithm are introduced to make it tractable. Simulations on a hybrid 33-bus power distribution network and 24-node transportation network demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed collaborative planning model.