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Model predictive control for the operation of a transcritical CO2 air source heat pump water heater

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  • Wang, Wenyi
  • Zhao, Zhongfan
  • Zhou, Qun
  • Qiao, Yiyuan
  • Cao, Feng

Abstract

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) approach to optimize the operation of a transcritical CO2 air source heat pump (ASHP) water heater. Past findings have revealed that the heat rejection pressure is the key factor affecting the system performance of the ASHP. However, the currently used PI controls based on correlations and other control strategies reported in the literature have some limitations. In this paper, we applied the MPC strategy in an ASHP water heater to optimize its operational performance in real-time. Different from the current control strategy aiming to search for the optimal heat rejection pressure, MPC predicts the future operation condition and calculates the optimal inputs based on the control-oriented model and objective function. A high-fidelity physical model is first built in Dymola to produce the operational data, then a data-driven control-oriented model for MPC is derived from the data source via a dynamical system identification. MPC is designed to maximize the coefficient of performance of the ASHP water heater under the state-space equations and constraints. The evaluation is carried out under several cases including fixed ambient temperature, realistic ambient temperature, and variable water outlet temperature. The simulation results prove the control effectiveness of MPC.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Wenyi & Zhao, Zhongfan & Zhou, Qun & Qiao, Yiyuan & Cao, Feng, 2021. "Model predictive control for the operation of a transcritical CO2 air source heat pump water heater," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:300:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921007479
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117339
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    5. Ding, Hongbing & Dong, Yuanyuan & Yang, Yan & Wen, Chuang, 2024. "Performance and energy utilization analysis of transcritical CO2 two-phase ejector considering non-equilibrium phase changes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    6. Feng, Yong-qiang & Wu, Yu-zhe & Wang, Yong-zhen & Liu, Zhi-nan & Wang, Xing-xing & Tian, Shi-long & He, Zhi-xia & Wang, Qian, 2025. "Dynamic behavior and control efficacy in carnot battery systems: A comparative study of feedforward, PID, and combined control methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    7. Wei, Chenxu & Guo, Yabin & Li, Yuduo & Wang, Yuhua & Liu, Yaxin & Du, Congcong & Zhang, Linhan, 2024. "Research on optimization of compressor frequency conversion control in transcritical heat pump system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    8. Xiong, Chengyan & Luo, Huilong & Ren, Ke & Wang, Xinyu & Liu, Jiyuan & Chen, Zidan & Sun, Biyang & Wu, Changlang & Yang, Xiaochuan & Du, Peijian, 2025. "An efficient CO2 air-to-water heat pump central space heating system in cold regions: A case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    9. Hongzeng Ji & Jinchen Pei & Jingyang Cai & Chen Ding & Fen Guo & Yichun Wang, 2023. "Review of Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycles and Their Development in the Vehicle Field," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-21, May.
    10. Cao, Yue & Zhan, Jun & Jia, Boqing & Chen, Ranjing & Si, Fengqi, 2023. "Optimum design of bivariate operation strategy for a supercritical/ transcritical CO2 hybrid waste heat recovery system driven by gas turbine exhaust," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).

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