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Extremum seeking control of COP optimization for air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater system

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  • Hu, Bin
  • Li, Yaoyu
  • Cao, Feng
  • Xing, Ziwen

Abstract

Air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump systems have found attractive applications in automobile air conditioning, regional heating and commercial water heating systems. The coefficient of performance (COP) of such systems is affected by several operational variables, such as ambient temperatures, water outlet temperature, and discharge pressure. For practical operation, it is desirable to maintain the maximum achievable efficiency or COP of such systems in real time. However, performance of model based control/optimization strategies can be quite limited by the difficulty in acquiring accurate system models due to system nonlinearity, large variations in ambient conditions and thermal load, as well as equipment variation and degradation. In this study, a self-optimizing control scheme is proposed to maximize the COP in real time by using the extremum seeking control (ESC) strategy. ESC is a class of self-optimizing control strategy that can search for the unknown or slowly varying optimum input with respect to certain performance index, which is effectively a dynamic realization of the gradient search based on a dither-demodulation scheme. For the air-source transcritical CO2 heat-pump water heater, the discharge pressure setpoint is taken as the input to the ESC controller, while the system COP is taken as the performance index, i.e. the feedback signal for the extremum seeking process. To evaluate the proposed ESC strategy, a Modelica based dynamic simulation model is developed for the plant to perform the simulation study. Simulations are conducted for several scenarios: a fixed operation condition, change of the water outlet temperature setpoint, change of ambient condition, and changes of both the ambient temperature and water outlet temperature setpoint. For all simulation cases, the water inlet temperature is fixed at 12°C, the ambient temperature is assumed to range from −15°C to −35°C, while the water outlet temperature ranges from 55°C to 80°C. Simulation results show that ESC is able to search and even track both fixed and slowly varying optimum COP without need for system model. Significant recovery of energy efficiency can thus be obtained for practical operation of such systems in a nearly model-free fashion.

Suggested Citation

  • Hu, Bin & Li, Yaoyu & Cao, Feng & Xing, Ziwen, 2015. "Extremum seeking control of COP optimization for air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 361-372.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:147:y:2015:i:c:p:361-372
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.010
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Martin Belusko & Raymond Liddle & Alemu Alemu & Edward Halawa & Frank Bruno, 2019. "Performance Evaluation of a CO 2 Refrigeration System Enhanced with a Dew Point Cooler," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-22, March.
    3. Frank Bruno & Martin Belusko & Edward Halawa, 2019. "CO 2 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems—A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-39, August.
    4. Singh Gaur, Ankita & Fitiwi, Desta & Curtis, John, 2019. "Heat pumps and their role in decarbonising heating Sector: a comprehensive review," Papers WP627, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
    5. Wang, Wenyi & Zhao, Zhongfan & Zhou, Qun & Qiao, Yiyuan & Cao, Feng, 2021. "Model predictive control for the operation of a transcritical CO2 air source heat pump water heater," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    6. Roberto Bruno & Francesco Nicoletti & Giorgio Cuconati & Stefania Perrella & Daniela Cirone, 2020. "Performance Indexes of an Air-Water Heat Pump Versus the Capacity Ratio: Analysis by Means of Experimental Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-19, July.
    7. Hongzeng Ji & Jinchen Pei & Jingyang Cai & Chen Ding & Fen Guo & Yichun Wang, 2023. "Review of Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycles and Their Development in the Vehicle Field," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-21, May.
    8. Xu, Yingjie & Mao, Chengbin & Huang, Yuangong & Shen, Xi & Xu, Xiaoxiao & Chen, Guangming, 2021. "Performance evaluation and multi-objective optimization of a low-temperature CO2 heat pump water heater based on artificial neural network and new economic analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    9. Okasha, Ahmed & Müller, Norbert & Deb, Kalyanmoy, 2022. "Bi-objective optimization of transcritical CO2 heat pump systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    10. Xiufang Liu & Changhai Liu & Ze Zhang & Liang Chen & Yu Hou, 2017. "Experimental Study on the Performance of Water Source Trans-Critical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-14, June.
    11. Liang, Youcai & Al-Tameemi, Mohammed & Yu, Zhibin, 2018. "Investigation of a gas-fuelled water heater based on combined power and heat pump cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 1476-1488.
    12. Liu, Xuetao & Hu, Yusheng & Wang, Qifan & Yao, Liang & Li, Minxia, 2021. "Energetic, environmental and economic comparative analyses of modified transcritical CO2 heat pump system to replace R134a system for home heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    13. Tsamos, K.M. & Ge, Y.T. & Santosa, I.D.M.C. & Tassou, S.A., 2017. "Experimental investigation of gas cooler/condenser designs and effects on a CO2 booster system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P3), pages 470-479.
    14. Rajib Uddin Rony & Huojun Yang & Sumathy Krishnan & Jongchul Song, 2019. "Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 (R744) Heat Pump System: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-35, January.
    15. Zhang, Qunli & Zhang, Lin & Nie, Jinzhe & Li, Yinlong, 2017. "Techno-economic analysis of air source heat pump applied for space heating in northern China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 533-542.
    16. Yu, Binbin & Yang, Jingye & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Guo, Zhikai & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "Experimental energetic analysis of CO2/R41 blends in automobile air-conditioning and heat pump systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1142-1153.
    17. Ignacio López Paniagua & Ángel Jiménez Álvaro & Javier Rodríguez Martín & Celina González Fernández & Rafael Nieto Carlier, 2019. "Comparison of Transcritical CO 2 and Conventional Refrigerant Heat Pump Water Heaters for Domestic Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-17, February.

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