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Experimental study of homogeneous charge compression ignition engine operation fuelled by emulated solid oxide fuel cell anode off-gas

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  • Choi, Wonjae
  • Kim, Jaehyun
  • Kim, Yongtae
  • Kim, Seonyeob
  • Oh, Sechul
  • Song, Han Ho

Abstract

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) hybrid system is a system that combines an SOFC with an additional power generation device to increase the efficiency of the system. The SOFC–gas turbine hybrid system has been primarily investigated for SOFC hybrid systems. However, the current power generation capacity of an SOFC is less than several MWs; for this generation capacity, an internal combustion engine is generally more efficient and economical than a gas turbine. Focusing on this point, recently, the concept of an SOFC–internal combustion engine hybrid system was proposed. However, the operation of this system has not been experimentally studied yet. In this paper, as the first step in an experimental investigation of the hybrid system, an experimental study on the operation of an internal combustion engine fuelled by SOFC anode off-gas was conducted. To successfully combust the SOFC anode off-gas, which includes a large amount of diluents (H2O and CO2), the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) method was selected instead of spark ignition as the combustion strategy of the internal combustion engine in the hybrid system. For the HCCI engine experiments, a single-cylinder HCCI engine and experimental equipment for emulating SOFC anode off-gas were constructed. Various HCCI engine experiments were performed while varying several system control parameters, e.g., the fuel utilization factor of an SOFC, which primarily affects the composition and flow rate of the engine intake gas. The experiments indicated that, in general system operating condition, HCCI engine operation yields a significant amount of power (w/25–30% gross indicated efficiency) and produces significantly low NOx emissions (<5 ppm @ O2 15%) under stable HCCI combustion (<5% COV IMEPg, which is the coefficient of variance of the gross indicated mean effective pressure). Considering that the experiment was performed using a small single-cylinder engine, these experimental results reveal that the use of an HCCI engine as the bottoming cycle in an SOFC hybrid system is promising. In addition, it has been found how each system control parameter affects HCCI engine operation. It was confirmed that HCCI engine operation was not always stable in all system operating conditions. System operating conditions that induce an exceedingly low engine load (<1.8 bar IMEPg, which is the gross indicated mean effective pressure) should be avoided as it decreases the stability of engine operation. Additionally, system operating conditions that make an engine intake gas with excessive dilution (fuel molar fraction < 0.125) should be avoided to decrease the amount of unburned CO emission and maintain a CO combustion efficiency higher than 90%.

Suggested Citation

  • Choi, Wonjae & Kim, Jaehyun & Kim, Yongtae & Kim, Seonyeob & Oh, Sechul & Song, Han Ho, 2018. "Experimental study of homogeneous charge compression ignition engine operation fuelled by emulated solid oxide fuel cell anode off-gas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 42-62.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:229:y:2018:i:c:p:42-62
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.07.086
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Zhixing Ji & Fafu Guo & Tingting Zhu & Kunlin Cheng & Silong Zhang & Jiang Qin & Peng Dong, 2023. "Thermodynamic Performance Comparisons of Ideal Brayton Cycles Integrated with High Temperature Fuel Cells as Power Sources on Aircraft," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-16, February.
    4. Ouyang, Tiancheng & Zhao, Zhongkai & Wang, Zhiping & Zhang, Mingliang & Liu, Benlong, 2021. "A high-efficiency scheme for waste heat harvesting of solid oxide fuel cell integrated homogeneous charge compression ignition engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    5. Cho, Mingyu & Kim, Yongtae & Ho Song, Han, 2022. "Solid oxide fuel cell–internal combustion engine hybrid system utilizing an internal combustion engine for anode off-gas recirculation, external reforming, and additional power generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    6. Choi, Wonjae & Song, Han Ho, 2020. "Composition-considered Woschni heat transfer correlation: Findings from the analysis of over-expected engine heat losses in a solid oxide fuel cell–internal combustion engine hybrid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    7. Kim, Young Sang & Lee, Young Duk & Ahn, Kook Young, 2020. "System integration and proof-of-concept test results of SOFC–engine hybrid power generation system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    8. Choi, Wonjae & Kim, Jaehyun & Kim, Yongtae & Song, Han Ho, 2019. "Solid oxide fuel cell operation in a solid oxide fuel cell–internal combustion engine hybrid system and the design point performance of the hybrid system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    9. Koo, Taehyung & Kim, Young Sang & Lee, Young Duk & Yu, Sangseok & Lee, Dong Keun & Ahn, Kook Young, 2021. "Exergetic evaluation of operation results of 5-kW-class SOFC-HCCI engine hybrid power generation system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    10. Wu, Zhen & Zhu, Pengfei & Yao, Jing & Zhang, Shengan & Ren, Jianwei & Yang, Fusheng & Zhang, Zaoxiao, 2020. "Combined biomass gasification, SOFC, IC engine, and waste heat recovery system for power and heat generation: Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, environmental (4E) evaluations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    11. D.F. Chuahy, Flavio & Kokjohn, Sage L., 2019. "Solid oxide fuel cell and advanced combustion engine combined cycle: A pathway to 70% electrical efficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 391-408.
    12. Kim, Jaehyun & Kim, Yongtae & Choi, Wonjae & Ahn, Kook Young & Song, Han Ho, 2020. "Analysis on the operating performance of 5-kW class solid oxide fuel cell-internal combustion engine hybrid system using spark-assisted ignition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    13. Ouyang, Tiancheng & Zhao, Zhongkai & Zhang, Mingliang & Xie, Shutao & Wang, Zhiping, 2022. "A micro off-grid power solution for solid oxide fuel cell waste heat reusing enabled peak load shifting by integrating compressed-air energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).

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