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The effects of high frequency current ripple on electric vehicle battery performance

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  • Uddin, Kotub
  • Moore, Andrew D.
  • Barai, Anup
  • Marco, James

Abstract

The power electronic subsystems within electric vehicle (EV) powertrains are required to manage both the energy flows within the vehicle and the delivery of torque by the electrical machine. Such systems are known to generate undesired electrical noise on the high voltage bus. High frequency current oscillations, or ripple, if unhindered will enter the vehicle’s battery system. Real-world measurements of the current on the high voltage bus of a series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) show that significant current perturbations ranging from 10Hz to in excess of 10kHz are present. Little is reported within the academic literature about the potential impact on battery system performance and the rate of degradation associated with exposing the battery to coupled direct current (DC) and alternating currents (AC). This paper documents an experimental investigation that studies the long-term impact of current ripple on battery performance degradation. Initial results highlight that both capacity fade and impedance rise progressively increase as the frequency of the superimposed AC current increases. A further conclusion is that the spread of degradation for cells cycled with a coupled AC–DC signal is considerably more than for cells exercised with a traditional DC waveform. The underlying causality for this degradation is not yet understood. However, this has important implications for the battery management system (BMS). Increased variations in cell capacity and impedance will cause differential current flows and heat generation within the battery pack that if not properly managed will further reduce battery life and degrade the operation of the vehicle.

Suggested Citation

  • Uddin, Kotub & Moore, Andrew D. & Barai, Anup & Marco, James, 2016. "The effects of high frequency current ripple on electric vehicle battery performance," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 142-154.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:178:y:2016:i:c:p:142-154
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.033
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    8. Duy-Dinh Nguyen & Ngoc-Tam Bui & Kazuto Yukita, 2019. "Design and Optimization of Three-Phase Dual-Active-Bridge Converters for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
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    12. Pablo Korth Pereira Ferraz & Julia Kowal, 2019. "A Comparative Study on the Influence of DC/DC-Converter Induced High Frequency Current Ripple on Lithium-Ion Batteries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-17, October.
    13. Andrea Carloni & Federico Baronti & Roberto Di Rienzo & Roberto Roncella & Roberto Saletti, 2021. "On the Sizing of the DC-Link Capacitor to Increase the Power Transfer in a Series-Series Inductive Resonant Wireless Charging Station," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-13, January.
    14. Qi Yao & Dylan-Dah-Chuan Lu & Gang Lei, 2021. "Accurate Online Battery Impedance Measurement Method with Low Output Voltage Ripples on Power Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-16, February.
    15. Peter Makeen & Hani A. Ghali & Saim Memon, 2022. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of a New Intelligent Charging Controller for Off-Board Electric Vehicles Using PV Standalone System Represented by a Small-Scale Lithium-Ion Battery," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-16, June.
    16. Allafi, Walid & Uddin, Kotub & Zhang, Cheng & Mazuir Raja Ahsan Sha, Raja & Marco, James, 2017. "On-line scheme for parameter estimation of nonlinear lithium ion battery equivalent circuit models using the simplified refined instrumental variable method for a modified Wiener continuous-time model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 497-508.
    17. Uddin, Kotub & Dubarry, Matthieu & Glick, Mark B., 2018. "The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 342-347.
    18. Román-Ramírez, L.A. & Marco, J., 2022. "Design of experiments applied to lithium-ion batteries: A literature review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    19. Ghassemi, Alireza & Hollenkamp, Anthony F. & Chakraborty Banerjee, Parama & Bahrani, Behrooz, 2022. "Impact of high-amplitude alternating current on LiFePO4 battery life performance: Investigation of AC-preheating and microcycling effects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    20. Wanderson Francisco Lopes & Mário Lúcio da Silva Martins & Attilio Converti & Hugo Valadares Siqueira & Carlos Henrique Illa Font, 2024. "Experimental Evaluation of a 2 kW/100 kHz DC–DC Bidirectional Converter Based on a Cuk Converter Using a Voltage-Doubler Concept," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-25, January.
    21. João Faria & José Pombo & Maria do Rosário Calado & Sílvio Mariano, 2019. "Power Management Control Strategy Based on Artificial Neural Networks for Standalone PV Applications with a Hybrid Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-24, March.

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