IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/agiwat/v271y2022ics0378377422002906.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Assessment of lead toxicity in diverse irrigation regimes and potential health implications of agriculturally grown crops in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Akhtar, Shahzad
  • Khan, Zafar Iqbal
  • Ahmad, Kafeel
  • Nadeem, Muhammad
  • Ejaz, Abid
  • Hussain, Muhammad Iftikhar
  • Ashraf, Muhammad Arslan

Abstract

In many countries, where wastewater irrigation has become a common practice, the accumulation of heavy metals by crops has been regarded as a severe environmental hazard. The evaluation of the toxic element lead (Pb) in water, agricultural soils and food crops, and their potential damage to human health, is the focus of the present study. Samples of eleven food crops, soil, with three treatments, waste, canal, and tube well waters, were collected from three feeding sites, Sargodha city, Sahiwal, Shahpur, and evaluated for Pb concentration. The results indicates that the range of Pb in the water, soil and crop samples were from 0.023 to 0.039 mg/L, 2.932–13.687 mg/kg and 1.241–4.825 mg/kg, respectively. The metal concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in wastewater treated soil and crop samples that exceed the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). There is a positive correlation between the Pb concentration in the soil and crop samples. The pollution load index and enrichment factor are greater than 1, indicating a high level of soil contamination and the influence of natural and anthropogenic sources of Pb metal accumulation in soils. The bioconcentration factor (BCF), daily intake of metal (DIM), health risk index (HRI) and metal values are less than 1, indicating that toxic Pb are present in lower quantities in food crops and had no health risks to consumers. In wastewater treated soils, there is a significant accumulation of Pb toxicity. Therefore, it is vitally important to address Pb contamination and its potential entrance route into the human food chain.

Suggested Citation

  • Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Nadeem, Muhammad & Ejaz, Abid & Hussain, Muhammad Iftikhar & Ashraf, Muhammad Arslan, 2022. "Assessment of lead toxicity in diverse irrigation regimes and potential health implications of agriculturally grown crops in Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:271:y:2022:i:c:s0378377422002906
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107743
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377422002906
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107743?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sam Trejo & Gloria Yeomans-Maldonado & Brian Jacob, 2021. "The Psychosocial Effects of the Flint Water Crisis on School-Age Children," NBER Working Papers 29341, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Yu, Haochen & Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Hussain, M. Iftikhar & Javaid, Iqra & Ahmad, Kafeel & Nazar, Sonaina & Akhtar, Shahzad & Ejaz, Abid & Sohail, Muhammad & Nadeem, Muhammad & Hami, 2022. "Comparative evaluation of groundwater, wastewater and canal water for irrigation on toxic metal accumulation in soil and vegetable: Pollution load and health risk assessment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    3. Deh-Haghi, Zoherh & Bagheri, Asghar & Fotourehchi, Zahra & Damalas, Christos A., 2020. "Farmers’ acceptance and willingness to pay for using treated wastewater in crop irrigation: A survey in western Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    4. Elgallal, M. & Fletcher, L. & Evans, B., 2016. "Assessment of potential risks associated with chemicals in wastewater used for irrigation in arid and semiarid zones: A review," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 419-431.
    5. Lavee, Doron, 2010. "The effect of water supply uncertainty on farmers' choice of crop portfolio," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(11), pages 1847-1854, November.
    6. Amit Kumar & Amit Kumar & Cabral-Pinto M.M.S. & Ashish K. Chaturvedi & Aftab A. Shabnam & Gangavarapu Subrahmanyam & Raju Mondal & Dipak Kumar Gupta & Sandeep K. Malyan & Smita S. Kumar & Shakeel A. K, 2020. "Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-33, March.
    7. Chaganti, Vijayasatya N. & Ganjegunte, Girisha & Niu, Genhua & Ulery, April & Flynn, Robert & Enciso, Juan M. & Meki, Manyowa N. & Kiniry, James R., 2020. "Effects of treated urban wastewater irrigation on bioenergy sorghum and soil quality," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    8. ur Rehman, Khalil & Bukhari, Syed Mohsin & Andleeb, Shahla & Mahmood, Adeel & Erinle, Kehinde O. & Naeem, Mian Muhammad & Imran, Qaiser, 2019. "Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with groundwater and wastewater: The particular case of Sahiwal district in Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    9. Fridrich, Beata & Krčmar, Dejan & Dalmacija, Božo & Molnar, Jelena & Pešić, Vesna & Kragulj, Marijana & Varga, Nataša, 2014. "Impact of wastewater from pig farm lagoons on the quality of local groundwater," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 40-53.
    10. Jiejie Yang & Siqi Wang & Ziwen Guo & Yan Deng & Menglong Xu & Siyuan Zhang & Huaqun Yin & Yili Liang & Hongwei Liu & Bo Miao & Delong Meng & Xueduan Liu & Luhua Jiang, 2020. "Spatial Distribution of Toxic Metal(loid)s and Microbial Community Analysis in Soil Vertical Profile at an Abandoned Nonferrous Metal Smelting Site," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-17, September.
    11. Navarro Ferronato & Vincenzo Torretta, 2019. "Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-28, March.
    12. Xiaolu Yan & Miao Liu & Jingqiu Zhong & Jinting Guo & Wen Wu, 2018. "How Human Activities Affect Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil and Sediment in a Long-Term Reclaimed Area of the Liaohe River Delta, North China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-19, January.
    13. Martínez-Cortijo, J. & Ruiz-Canales, A., 2018. "Effect of heavy metals on rice irrigated fields with waste water in high pH Mediterranean soils: The particular case of the Valencia area in Spain," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 108-123.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Ashfaq, Asma & Nawaz, Hummera & Nadeem, Muhammad, 2022. "Assessment of chromium toxicity and potential health implications of agriculturally diversely irrigated food crops in the semi-arid regions of South Asia," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    2. Rehman Ullah & Zakir Ullah & Javed Iqbal & Wadie Chalgham & Ajaz Ahmad, 2023. "Aspartic Acid-Based Nano-Copper Induces Resilience in Zea mays to Applied Lead Stress Via Conserving Photosynthetic Pigments and Triggering the Antioxidant Biosystem," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-17, August.
    3. Maria Ghazzal & Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Zafar Iqbal Khan & M. Habib ur Rahman & Abeer A. El-Habeeb & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Chromium Poisoning in Buffaloes in the Vicinity of Contaminated Pastureland, Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    4. Shuya Tang & Chunhui Wang & Jing Song & Stanley Chukwuemeka Ihenetu & Gang Li, 2024. "Advances in Studies on Heavy Metals in Urban Soil: A Bibliometric Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-24, January.
    5. Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Majida Naeem & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Shahzad Akhtar & Muhammad Nadeem & Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser & Kafeel Ahmad & Oscar Vicente & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Cadmium (Cd) and Copper (Cu) Exposure and Bioaccumulation Arrays in Farm Ruminants: Impact of Forage Ecotypes, Ecological Sites and Body Organs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-14, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xiaoxian Zhang & Tingran Liu & Jichen Zhang & Ling Zhu, 2023. "Potential Mechanism of Long-Term Immobilization of Pb/Cd by Layered Double Hydroxide Doped Chicken-Manure Biochar," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Feder, Frédéric, 2021. "Irrigation with treated wastewater in humid regions: Effects on Nitisols, sugarcane yield and quality," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    3. Cakmakci, Talip & Sahin, Ustun, 2021. "Improving silage maize productivity using recycled wastewater under different irrigation methods," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    4. Nicoleta Ungureanu & Valentin Vlăduț & Gheorghe Voicu, 2020. "Water Scarcity and Wastewater Reuse in Crop Irrigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-18, October.
    5. Chen, Fu & Ma, Jing & Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Ashfaq, Asma & Nawaz, Hummera & Nadeem, Muhammad, 2022. "Assessment of chromium toxicity and potential health implications of agriculturally diversely irrigated food crops in the semi-arid regions of South Asia," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    6. Sinda Bekir & Rahma Inès Zoghlami & Khaoula Boudabbous & Mohamed Naceur Khelil & Mohammed Moussa & Rim Ghrib & Oumaima Nahdi & Emna Trabelsi & Habib Bousnina, 2022. "Soil Physicochemical Changes as Modulated by Treated Wastewater after Medium-and Long-Term Irrigations: A Case Study from Tunisia," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-14, December.
    7. Chojnacka, K. & Witek-Krowiak, A. & Moustakas, K. & Skrzypczak, D. & Mikula, K. & Loizidou, M., 2020. "A transition from conventional irrigation to fertigation with reclaimed wastewater: Prospects and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    8. Jackson, T.M. & Hanjra, Munir A. & Khan, S. & Hafeez, M.M., 2011. "Building a climate resilient farm: A risk based approach for understanding water, energy and emissions in irrigated agriculture," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 104(9), pages 729-745.
    9. Maria Ghazzal & Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Zafar Iqbal Khan & M. Habib ur Rahman & Abeer A. El-Habeeb & Hsi-Hsien Yang, 2022. "Chromium Poisoning in Buffaloes in the Vicinity of Contaminated Pastureland, Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    10. Leslier Valenzuela-Fernández & Manuel Escobar-Farfán, 2022. "Zero-Waste Management and Sustainable Consumption: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Mapping Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-24, December.
    11. Patricia Rojas & Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez & Camilo Ríos & Ángel Ruiz-Chow & Aldo A. Reséndiz-Albor, 2021. "A Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Other Metals in Pharmaceutical Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements Containing Ginkgo biloba in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-19, August.
    12. Asif Iqbal & Abdullah Yasar & Abdul-Sattar Nizami & Rafia Haider & Faiza Sharif & Imran Ali Sultan & Amtul Bari Tabinda & Aman Anwer Kedwaii & Muhammad Murtaza Chaudhary, 2022. "Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Haulage Modeling Design for Lahore, Pakistan: Transition toward Sustainability and Circular Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-39, December.
    13. Alfredo Valdes Ramos & Elsa N. Aguilera Gonzalez & Gloria Tobón Echeverri & Luis Samaniego Moreno & Lourdes Díaz Jiménez & Salvador Carlos Hernández, 2019. "Potential Uses of Treated Municipal Wastewater in a Semiarid Region of Mexico," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-23, April.
    14. Giovanni Vinti & Valerie Bauza & Thomas Clasen & Kate Medlicott & Terry Tudor & Christian Zurbrügg & Mentore Vaccari, 2021. "Municipal Solid Waste Management and Adverse Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-26, April.
    15. J. Jed Brown & Probir Das & Mohammad Al-Saidi, 2018. "Sustainable Agriculture in the Arabian/Persian Gulf Region Utilizing Marginal Water Resources: Making the Best of a Bad Situation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-16, April.
    16. Celia Sabando-Fraile & Marina Corral-Bobadilla & Rubén Lostado-Lorza & Fátima Somovilla-Gomez, 2023. "Multiresponse Performance Evaluation and Life Cycle Assessment for the Optimal Elimination of Pb (II) from Industrial Wastewater by Adsorption Using Vine Shoot Activated Carbon," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-20, July.
    17. Guerrero-Baena, M. Dolores & Villanueva, Anastasio J. & Gómez-Limón, José A. & Glenk, Klaus, 2019. "Willingness to pay for improved irrigation water supply reliability: An approach based on probability density functions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 11-22.
    18. Yanhui Chen & Guosheng Li & Linlin Cui & Lijuan Li & Lei He & Peipei Ma, 2022. "The Effects of Tidal Flat Reclamation on the Stability of the Coastal Area in the Jiangsu Province, China, from the Perspective of Landscape Structure," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-20, March.
    19. Jatau Ramond Yohanna, 2023. "Effluent Pollution in Custodial Centres and its Environs in Nigeria," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 7(2), pages 1341-1352, February.
    20. Victor Fredrick & Vandu Umaru Lazarus & Ishaku Yahaya & Ibrahim Hyedma Bwala & Ajanson, Samuel Sule & Buhari Isa Uba, 2023. "Impact of Public Solid Waste Disposal Dump Sites: A Threat to Residence of Yelwa Tsakani, Bauchi," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 7(2), pages 507-522, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:271:y:2022:i:c:s0378377422002906. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/agwat .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.