IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/agiwat/v239y2020ics037837741931786x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Farmers’ acceptance and willingness to pay for using treated wastewater in crop irrigation: A survey in western Iran

Author

Listed:
  • Deh-Haghi, Zoherh
  • Bagheri, Asghar
  • Fotourehchi, Zahra
  • Damalas, Christos A.

Abstract

The treatment of wastewater and its reuse for crop irrigation is one of the solutions for efficient management of the available water, but the acceptance of this type of recycled water by farmers and their willingness to use and pay for it has not been well documented, especially in Iran. Using the Contingent Valuation Method and a binary probit model, the current study assessed farmers’ acceptance of treated wastewater, i.e., their willingness to use and pay for applying treated wastewater in crop irrigation and explored factors affecting farmers’ willingness to use and pay in Khorramabad, Iran by proposing three qualities of wastewater and three prices for treated wastewater outlflow of the plant treatment. Physico-chemical tests of treated wastewater in the study area showed that it was suitable for surface irrigation of crops. Farmers’ willingness to use was differentiated based on treated wastewater quality, i.e., most farmers (91.7%) were willing to use treated wastewater of quality 1 (Q1), one third of the farmers (33.0%) were willing to use treated wastewater of quality 2 (Q2), whereas only 14.0% of the farmers were willing to use treated wastewater of quality 3 (Q3). Regarding willingness to pay, more than half of the farmers (56%) were willing to pay for treated wastewater in the price of 1,500,000 Rials per ha, which equals to fresh water irrigation charge. Less than one-fifth of the farmers (18.3%) were willing to pay at the highest bid level of 1,800,000 Rials per ha for the outflow of refinery, whereas the vast majority (91.7%) were willing to pay at the lowest bid level of 1,200,000 Rials per ha. Among socio-economic variables, the living place had the greatest impact on both willingness to use and pay, while the reuse of treated wastewater had the greatest impact on willingness to pay. Among knowledge-attitudinal variables, health risk perception and education had the greatest impact on willingness to use, while education and information had the greatest impact on willingness to pay. Use of appropriate incentives, such as price reduction of treated wastewater according to quality, testing physico-chemical properties and microbial contamination of treated wastewater, as well as extension training courses can be effective on promoting farmers’ willingness to use treated wastewater for crop irrigation.

Suggested Citation

  • Deh-Haghi, Zoherh & Bagheri, Asghar & Fotourehchi, Zahra & Damalas, Christos A., 2020. "Farmers’ acceptance and willingness to pay for using treated wastewater in crop irrigation: A survey in western Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:239:y:2020:i:c:s037837741931786x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106262
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037837741931786X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106262?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pedrero, Francisco & Kalavrouziotis, Ioannis & Alarcón, Juan José & Koukoulakis, Prodromos & Asano, Takashi, 2010. "Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture--Review of some practices in Spain and Greece," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(9), pages 1233-1241, September.
    2. Tsagarakis, K.P., 2005. "Recycled water valuation as a corollary of the 2000/60/EC water framework directive," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 1-14, March.
    3. Durba Biswas & L. Venkatachalam, 2015. "Farmers' Willingness to Pay for Improved Irrigation Water — A Case Study of Malaprabha Irrigation Project in Karnataka, India," Water Economics and Policy (WEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(01), pages 1-24.
    4. Francisco Alcon & Julia Martin-Ortega & Francisco Pedrero & Juan Alarcon & M. Miguel, 2013. "Incorporating Non-market Benefits of Reclaimed Water into Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Case Study of Irrigated Mandarin Crops in southern Spain," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(6), pages 1809-1820, April.
    5. Menegaki, Angeliki N. & Hanley, Nick & Tsagarakis, Konstantinos P., 2007. "The social acceptability and valuation of recycled water in Crete: A study of consumers' and farmers' attitudes," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(1), pages 7-18, April.
    6. Saliba, R. & Callieris, R. & D’Agostino, D. & Roma, R. & Scardigno, A., 2018. "Stakeholders’ attitude towards the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation in Mediterranean agriculture," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 60-68.
    7. Carr, Gemma & Potter, Robert B. & Nortcliff, Stephen, 2011. "Water reuse for irrigation in Jordan: Perceptions of water quality among farmers," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(5), pages 847-854, March.
    8. Anne Dare & Rabi H. Mohtar, 2018. "Farmer perceptions regarding irrigation with treated wastewater in the West Bank, Tunisia, and Qatar," Water International, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(3), pages 460-471, April.
    9. Acharya, Gayatri & Barbier, Edward B., 2000. "Valuing groundwater recharge through agricultural production in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in northern Nigeria," Agricultural Economics, Blackwell, vol. 22(3), pages 247-259, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Batool, Fauzia & Hussain, M. Iftikhar & Nazar, Sonaina & Bashir, Humayun & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Alnuwaiser, Maha Abdallah & Yang, Hsi-Hsien, 2023. "Potential of sewage irrigation for heavy metal contamination in soil–wheat grain system: Ecological risk and environmental fate," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    2. Sardooei, Mohsen Adeli & Khodaverdizadeh, Mohammad & Esmaeilipour, Omidali, 2021. "Management of Date Palm Leaf Waste Consumption in Animal Feeding: The Case of Ranchers in the South of Kerman Province," International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development (IJAMAD), Iranian Association of Agricultural Economics, vol. 11(4), December.
    3. Akhtar, Shahzad & Khan, Zafar Iqbal & Ahmad, Kafeel & Nadeem, Muhammad & Ejaz, Abid & Hussain, Muhammad Iftikhar & Ashraf, Muhammad Arslan, 2022. "Assessment of lead toxicity in diverse irrigation regimes and potential health implications of agriculturally grown crops in Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    4. Efthymios Rodias & Eirini Aivazidou & Charisios Achillas & Dimitrios Aidonis & Dionysis Bochtis, 2020. "Water-Energy-Nutrients Synergies in the Agrifood Sector: A Circular Economy Framework," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, December.
    5. Ilker Ugulu & Shehnaz Bibi & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Kafeel Ahmad & Mudasra Munir & Ifra Saleem Malik & Abid Ejaz & Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, 2023. "Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Industrial Wastewater Irrigated Areas Using Sugar Beet ( Brassica oleracea L.)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-14, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ricart, Sandra & Rico, Antonio M., 2019. "Assessing technical and social driving factors of water reuse in agriculture: A review on risks, regulation and the yuck factor," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 426-439.
    2. Dimitra Lazaridou & Anastasios Michailidis & Konstantinos Mattas, 2019. "Evaluating the Willingness to Pay for Using Recycled Water for Irrigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-8, September.
    3. Garcia, X. & Pargament, D., 2015. "Reusing wastewater to cope with water scarcity: Economic, social and environmental considerations for decision-making," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 154-166.
    4. Laura Mirra & Simone Russo & Massimiliano Borrello, 2024. "Exploring Factors Shaping Farmer Behavior in Wastewater Utilization for Agricultural Practices: A Rapid Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-19, March.
    5. Bolinches, Antonio & Blanco-Gutiérrez, Irene & Zubelzu, Sergio & Esteve, Paloma & Gómez-Ramos, Almudena, 2022. "A method for the prioritization of water reuse projects in agriculture irrigation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    6. Ben Brahim-Neji, Hella & Ruiz-Villaverde, Alberto & González-Gómez, Francisco, 2014. "Decision aid supports for evaluating agricultural water reuse practices in Tunisia: The Cebala perimeter," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 113-121.
    7. Hristov, Jordan & Barreiro-Hurle, Jesus & Salputra, Guna & Blanco, Maria & Witzke, Peter, 2021. "Reuse of treated water in European agriculture: Potential to address water scarcity under climate change," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    8. Maton, Laure & Psarras, Georgios & Kasapakis, Giannis & Ravn Lorenzen, Jesper & Andersen, Martin & Boesen, Mads & Nøhr Bak, Søren & Chartzoulakis, Kostas & Marcus Pedersen, Soren & Kloppmann, Wolfram, 2010. "Assessing the net benefits of using wastewater treated with a membrane bioreactor for irrigating vegetables in Crete," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(3), pages 458-464, December.
    9. Cuimei Lv & Yifan He & Wenge Zhang & Changkuan Gu & Yang Li & Denghua Yan, 2021. "Quantitative Analysis of Eco-economic Benefits of Urban Reclaimed Water Greening Based on Emergy Theory," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 35(14), pages 5029-5047, November.
    10. Madjid Bouzit & Sukanya Das & Lise Cary, 2018. "Valuing Treated Wastewater and Reuse: Preliminary Implications From a Meta-Analysis," Water Economics and Policy (WEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 4(02), pages 1-26, April.
    11. Sisira S. Withanachchi & Ilia Kunchulia & Giorgi Ghambashidze & Rami Al Sidawi & Teo Urushadze & Angelika Ploeger, 2018. "Farmers’ Perception of Water Quality and Risks in the Mashavera River Basin, Georgia: Analyzing the Vulnerability of the Social-Ecological System through Community Perceptions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-26, August.
    12. Theodora Karanisa & Alexandre Amato & Renee Richer & Sara Abdul Majid & Cynthia Skelhorn & Sami Sayadi, 2021. "Agricultural Production in Qatar’s Hot Arid Climate," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-25, April.
    13. Azunre, Gideon Abagna & Amponsah, Owusu & Takyi, Stephen Appiah & Mensah, Henry & Braimah, Imoro, 2022. "Urban informalities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A solution for or barrier against sustainable city development," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    14. Pere Riera & Raúl Brey & Guillermo Gándara, 2008. "Bid design for non-parametric contingent valuation with a single bounded dichotomous choice format," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 186(3), pages 43-60, October.
    15. Pedrero, Francisco & Grattan, S.R. & Ben-Gal, Alon & Vivaldi, Gaetano Alessandro, 2020. "Opportunities for expanding the use of wastewaters for irrigation of olives," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    16. Ejovi Akpojevwe Abafe & Yonas T. Bahta & Henry Jordaan, 2022. "Exploring Biblioshiny for Historical Assessment of Global Research on Sustainable Use of Water in Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-34, August.
    17. Sean F. Ellis & Maik Kecinski & Kent D. Messer & Clive Lipchin, 2022. "Consumer perceptions after long‐term use of alternative irrigation water: A field experiment in Israel," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 44(2), pages 1003-1020, June.
    18. Halkos, George E. & Jones, Nikoleta, 2012. "Modeling the effect of social factors on improving biodiversity protection," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 90-99.
    19. Maestre-Valero, J.F. & Gonzalez-Ortega, M.J. & Martinez-Alvarez, V. & Gallego-Elvira, B. & Conesa-Jodar, F.J. & Martin-Gorriz, B., 2019. "Revaluing the nutrition potential of reclaimed water for irrigation in southeastern Spain," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 174-181.
    20. Sandra Ricart & Anna Ribas & David Pavón, 2016. "Qualifying irrigation system sustainability by means of stakeholder perceptions and concerns: lessons from the Segarra‐Garrigues Canal, Spain," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 40(1-2), pages 77-90, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:239:y:2020:i:c:s037837741931786x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/agwat .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.