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Outsourcing und Offshoring in der deutschen Industrie

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  • Alexander Eickelpasch

Abstract

The extent and structure of outsourcing and offshoring since 1971 is examined in this paper. Official statistics show that the share of intermediate inputs on production in German industry has increased significantly since the mid-1990s, both at current prices and price-adjusted. The share leveled off in the last years at a level of nominal 68 percent. Business cycle influences on the development of outsourcing and offshoring are low. Outsourcing varies by sector and size of enterprise. In some knowledge-intensive industries, such as pharmaceuticals and engineering, outsourcing is low and has barely increased. For large companies, outsourcing is more pronounced than for small ones. Comparing of the development of the share of intermediate inputs and the wage ratio suggests that labor costs as a reason to outsourcing has decreased. Also, offshoring has increased. The share of imported inputs in the purchase of intermediate inputs has increased significantly since the 1990s. In 2010, one third of intermediate inputs were imported, one-fifth of that from other EU countries. Imports from EU countries have grown much faster than those from the rest of the world. Thus, European Union members benefit from German offshoring. A rough estimate of outsourcing effects shows that the employment generated significantly exceeds direct employment in the industry. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Entwicklung von Ausmaß und Struktur von Outsourcing, den Bezug von Vorleistungen, und darunter Offshoring, den Bezug von Leistungen aus dem Ausland, im Zeitraum seit 1971. Auf der Basis amtlicher Statistiken wird gezeigt, dass die Vorleistungsquote der deutschen Industrie seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre deutlich angestiegen ist, sowohl zu laufenden Preisen als auch preisbereinigt. Sie hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren auf einem Niveau von nominal 68 Prozent eingependelt. Konjunkturelle Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung sind gering. Outsourcing variiert nach Branche und Größe der Unternehmen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Outsourcing in einigen der wissensintensiven Branchen wie Pharmazie oder Maschinenbau vergleichsweise gering ist und auch kaum zugenommen hat. Bei großen Unternehmen ist Outsourcing deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als bei kleinen. Die Gegenüberstellung der Entwicklung von Vorleistungs- und Lohnquote deutet darauf hin, dass die Bedeutung von Lohnkosten für die Zunahme der Vorleistungsquote abgenommen hat. Mit der Zunahme des Outsourcings hat auch das Offshoring zugenommen. Die Importanteile bei den Vorleistungen sind seit den 1995er Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Im Jahr 2010 wurde ein Drittel der Vorleistungen importiert, allein ein Fünftel aus der EU. Die Importe aus den EU-Ländern sind dabei deutlich stärker gewachsen als die aus dem Rest der Welt. Profitiert vom Offshoring der deutschen Industrie haben also insbesondere die Länder der Europäischen Union. Eine überschlägige Abschätzung der Beschäftigungseffekte von Outsourcing zeigt, dass die dadurch generierte Beschäftigung die unmittelbare Beschäftigung in der Industrie deutlich übersteigt.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexander Eickelpasch, 2015. "Outsourcing und Offshoring in der deutschen Industrie," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 84(1), pages 55-77.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:84-1-4
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.84.1.55
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Erik Dietzenbacher & Bart Los & Robert Stehrer & Marcel Timmer & Gaaitzen de Vries, 2013. "The Construction Of World Input-Output Tables In The Wiod Project," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(1), pages 71-98, March.
    2. Dirk Pilat & Agnès Cimper & Karsten Bjerring Olsen & Colin Webb, 2006. "The Changing Nature of Manufacturing in OECD Economies," OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2006/9, OECD Publishing.
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    Cited by:

    1. Philip Flegler & Hagen Krämer, 2021. "The Productivity Paradox of Business-Related Services," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 74(03), pages 38-45, March.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Manufacturing; outsourcing; offshoring; global value chains; European Union;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D23 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
    • D57 - Microeconomics - - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium - - - Input-Output Tables and Analysis
    • L24 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures

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