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The Impact of Gender and Immigration on Pension Outcomes in Canada

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  • Patrik Marier
  • Suzanne Skinner

Abstract

This paper analyzes Canadian retirement incomes by focusing on the dynamics of gender and immigration. We demonstrate that elderly women living alone and post-1970 immigrants are more likely to rely on the means-tested component of Canada's pension system, the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), which is an indication of their restricted capacity to maintain an autonomous household. The strong reliance of the Canadian pension system on both public and private earnings-related pensions accentuates the disparities within the labour market, causing both women and immigrants to have lower earnings in retirement. In addition, immigrants suffer from the residency requirements attached to basic pension programs.

Suggested Citation

  • Patrik Marier & Suzanne Skinner, 2008. "The Impact of Gender and Immigration on Pension Outcomes in Canada," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 34(s1), pages 59-78, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpp:issued:v:34:y:2008:i:s1:p:59-78
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Peter S. Li, 2003. "Initial Earnings and Catch-Up Capacity of Immigrants," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 29(3), pages 319-337, September.
    2. Picot, Garnett & Sweetman, Arthur, 2005. "The Deteriorating Economic Welfare of Immigrants and Possible Causes: Update 2005," Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series 2005262e, Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch.
    3. Ellen M. Gee & Susan A. McDaniel, 1991. "Pension Politics and Challenges: Retirement Policy Implications," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 17(4), pages 456-472, December.
    4. Drolet, Marie & Morissette, Rene, 1999. "L'evolution de la protection offerte par les pensions aux travailleurs jeunes et plus ages au Canada," Direction des études analytiques : documents de recherche 1999138f, Statistics Canada, Direction des études analytiques.
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    Cited by:

    1. McDonald, James Ted & Worswick, Christopher, 2013. "Retirement Incomes, Labour Supply and Co-residency Decisions of Older Immigrants in Canada: 1991-2006," CLSSRN working papers clsrn_admin-2013-23, Vancouver School of Economics, revised 29 Apr 2013.
    2. William Magee, 2015. "Effects of Gender and Age on Pride in Work, and Job Satisfaction," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 16(5), pages 1091-1115, October.

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