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Impact of immobility and mobility activities on the spread of COVID‐19: Evidence from European countries

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  • Louafi Bouzouina
  • Karima Kourtit
  • Peter Nijkamp

Abstract

To limit the spread of COVID‐19, most countries in the world have put in place measures which restrict mobility. The co‐presence of several people in the same place of work, shopping, leisure or transport is considered a favourable vector for the transmission of the virus. However, this hypothesis remains to be verified in the light of the daily data available since the first wave of contamination. Does immobility reduce the spread of the COVID‐19 pandemic? Does mobility contribute to the increase in the number of infections for all activities? This paper applies several pooled mean group–autoregressive distributed lag (PMG–ARDL) models to investigate the impact of immobility and daily mobility activities on the spread of the COVID‐19 pandemic in European countries using daily data for the period from 12 March 2020 to 31 August 2021. The results of the PMG–ARDL models show that immobility and higher temperatures play a significant role in reducing the COVID‐19 pandemic. The increase in mobility activities (grocery, retail, use of transit) is also positively associated with the number of new COVID‐19 cases. The combined analysis with the Granger causality test shows that the relationship between mobility and COVID‐19 goes in both directions, with the exception of grocery shopping, visits to parks and commuting mobility. The former favours the spread of COVID‐19, while the next two have no causal relationship with COVID‐19. The results confirm the role of immobility in mitigating the spread of the pandemic, but call into question the drastic policies of systematically closing all places of activity. Para limitar la propagación del COVID‐19, la mayoría de los países del mundo han establecido medidas que restringen la movilidad. La presencia conjunta de varias personas en un mismo lugar de trabajo, compras, ocio o transporte se considera un vector favorable para la transmisión del virus. Sin embargo, esta hipótesis permanece sin verificar a la luz de los datos diarios disponibles desde la primera oleada de contagio. ¿Reduce la restricción de la movilidad la propagación de la pandemia de COVID‐19? ¿Contribuye la movilidad al aumento del número de infecciones en todas las actividades? Este artículo aplica varios modelos de retardo distribuido de media agrupada autorregresiva (PMG‐ARDL, por sus siglas en inglés) para investigar el impacto de la restricción de la movilidad y las actividades de movilidad diaria en la propagación de la pandemia de COVID‐19 en los países europeos, que utilizan datos diarios para el periodo entre el 12 de marzo de 2020 y el 31 de agosto de 2021. Los resultados de los modelos PMG‐ARDL muestran que la restricción de la movilidad y las temperaturas más altas desempeñan un papel importante en la reducción de la pandemia de COVID‐19. El aumento de las actividades de movilidad (compras, venta al por menor, uso del transporte) también se asocia positivamente con el número de nuevos casos de COVID‐19. El análisis combinado con la prueba de causalidad de Granger muestra que la relación entre la movilidad y COVID‐19 va en ambas direcciones, con la excepción de las compras en el supermercado, las visitas a los parques y la movilidad en los desplazamientos al lugar de trabajo. La primera favorece la propagación del COVID‐19, mientras que las dos siguientes no tienen ninguna relación causal con el COVID‐19. Los resultados confirman el papel de la restricción de la movilidad en la mitigación de la propagación de la pandemia, pero ponen en duda las políticas drásticas de cierre sistemático de todos los lugares de actividad. COVID‐19の拡大を抑えるため、世界のほとんどの国では移動を制限する措置がとられている。職場、ショッピング、レジャー、交通機関など、ある場所に複数の人が居合わせることは、ウイルス感染に都合の良い媒介と考えられている。しかし、この仮説は、感染拡大の第1波以降の日々のデータに照らして検証する必要がある。移動制限によってCOVID‐19のパンデミックの拡大が抑えられるのか、または、すべての活動が感染者数の増加に寄与しているのかは疑問である。本稿では、プールされた平均グループ–自己回帰分散ラグ(PMG–ARDL)モデルを用いて、2020年3月12日~2021年8月31日までの毎日のデータを使用して、欧州諸国における移動規制と毎日の移動活動の、COVID‐19のパンデミックの拡大に対する影響を調査した。PMG–ARDLモデルによる分析の結果から、移動制限と気温が高いことがCOVID‐19のパンデミックを抑制する上で重要な役割を果たすことが示される。移動活動(食料品、小売、交通機関の利用)の増加も、COVID‐19の新規症例数と正の相関関係がある。グレンジャーの因果関係検定を組み合わせた分析からは、移動とCOVID‐19とは、食料品の買い物、公園への訪問、通勤移動を除いて、双方向の関連性にあることが示される。食料品の買い物はCOVID‐19の拡大に関連するが、他の二つはCOVID‐19とは因果関係がない。この結果から、パンデミックの拡大を抑制する上での移動制限の役割が確認されるが、すべての活動場所を機械的に閉鎖するという徹底的な政策に対する疑問が生じる。

Suggested Citation

  • Louafi Bouzouina & Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp, 2022. "Impact of immobility and mobility activities on the spread of COVID‐19: Evidence from European countries," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(S1), pages 6-20, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:14:y:2022:i:s1:p:6-20
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12565
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