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When cities take control: Explaining the diversity of complex local climate actions

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  • Anmol Soni
  • Justina Jose
  • Gordon A. Kingsley

Abstract

Cities face substantial risks of economic and physical losses from repeated exposure to climate hazards exacerbated by climate change. Drawing from the climate action and policy mix literatures, this study conceptualizes “climate action mix” defined as the diverse policy actions adopted by city governments to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate hazards. This study makes a key contribution by analyzing the relation between the variety of hazards and the diversity of cities' climate action mixes. Deploying a modified Shannon diversity index, we develop a new measure of climate action mix by considering the breadth across different actions, and the depth of these efforts as measured by the progress along the policy cycle. We study an expansive range of mitigation and adaptation actions without imposing any domain or jurisdictional limitations in 162 cities across the United States. The analysis reveals a bifurcation in approaches where some cities have not adopted any policies, while others have a diverse mix of adaptation and mitigation actions in various stages of policy progression. We find that climate hazards drive local action—cities that experience multiple threats react by taking a diverse mix of climate actions. Cities broadly utilize global climate networks that offer policy learning opportunities and local networks that might promote a shared understanding of environmental threats leading to diverse climate action mixes. Finally, a city's capacity to develop climate adaptation and mitigation plans is positively related to a diverse portfolio of climate actions. Las ciudades enfrentan riesgos sustanciales de pérdidas económicas y físicas por la exposición repetida a los peligros climáticos exacerbados por el cambio climático. A partir de la literatura sobre la acción climática y la combinación de políticas, este estudio conceptualiza la "combinación de acciones climáticas" definida como las diversas acciones políticas adoptadas por los gobiernos de las ciudades para adaptarse y mitigar los efectos de las amenazas climáticas. Este estudio hace una contribución clave al analizar la relación entre la variedad de amenazas y la diversidad de combinaciones de acción climática de las ciudades. Al implementar un índice de diversidad de Shannon modificado, desarrollamos una nueva medida de la combinación de acciones climáticas al considerar la amplitud de las diferentes acciones y la profundidad de estos esfuerzos medidos por el progreso a lo largo del ciclo de políticas. Estudiamos una amplia gama de acciones de mitigación y adaptación sin imponer ningún dominio o limitaciones jurisdiccionales en 162 ciudades de los Estados Unidos. El análisis revela una bifurcación en los enfoques donde algunas ciudades no han adoptado ninguna política, mientras que otras tienen una combinación diversa de acciones de adaptación y mitigación en varias etapas de avance de la política. Descubrimos que los peligros climáticos impulsan la acción local: las ciudades que experimentan múltiples amenazas reaccionan tomando una combinación diversa de acciones climáticas. Las ciudades utilizan ampliamente las redes climáticas globales que ofrecen oportunidades de aprendizaje de políticas y redes locales que pueden promover una comprensión compartida de las amenazas ambientales que conducen a diversas combinaciones de acciones climáticas. Finalmente, la capacidad de una ciudad para desarrollar planes de adaptación y mitigación climática se relaciona positivamente con una cartera diversa de acciones climáticas. 气候变化加剧了气候危害,而反复暴露于这一危害的城市面临着巨大的经济和物质损失风险。基于有关气候行动和政策组合的文献,本研究将“气候行动组合”概念化为城市政府为适应和减轻气候危害影响而采取的多种政策行动。本研究通过分析危害种类与城市气候行动组合的多样性之间的关系,从而作出了重要贡献。通过使用一项经过修改的香农多样性指数,我们提出了一种新的气候行动组合衡量标准,即考量不同行动的广度以及由政策周期的进展加以衡量的行动深度。在没有施加任何领域限制或管辖限制的情况下,我们对美国162个城市的缓解和适应行动的范围进行了研究。分析揭示了行动存在的分歧,即一些城市没有采取任何政策,而另一些城市在政策进展的不同阶段采取了多样化的适应和缓解行动组合。我们发现,气候危害推动了地方行动——遭受多重威胁的城市通过采取多种气候行动组合来作出反应。城市广泛利用一系列提供政策学习机会的全球气候网络以及一系列可能促进关于环境威胁的共同理解的地方网络,这些举措导致了多种气候行动组合。最后,一个城市在制定气候适应和缓解计划方面的能力与多种气候行动组合呈正相关。

Suggested Citation

  • Anmol Soni & Justina Jose & Gordon A. Kingsley, 2023. "When cities take control: Explaining the diversity of complex local climate actions," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 40(6), pages 1026-1057, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:40:y:2023:i:6:p:1026-1057
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12524
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