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Forks in the Road to E-Mobility: An Evaluation of Instrument Interaction in National Policy Mixes in Northwest Europe

Author

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  • Marc Dijk

    (School of Business & Economics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands)

  • Eric Iversen

    (Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU), 0608 Oso, Norway)

  • Antje Klitkou

    (Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU), 0608 Oso, Norway)

  • René Kemp

    (School of Business & Economics, Maastricht University and UNU-Merit, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands)

  • Simon Bolwig

    (DTU Management, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark)

  • Mads Borup

    (Borup Strategi og Analyse, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark)

  • Peter Møllgaard

    (School of Business & Economics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands)

Abstract

This paper evaluates how policy shaped the emergence of electric mobility in three countries, Norway, the Netherlands and Denmark, between 2010 and 2015. Whereas previous studies have looked at the effects of separate policy instruments, this paper gives insights in the interaction effects of instruments on the diffusion of battery electric cars between five policy areas. Based on analysis of synergetic, contradictory and pre-conditional effects, we find that an effective policy mix includes: fiscal incentives that mirror the actual carbon footprint of the respective vehicles; non-fiscal demand-side incentives; centrally financed and/or coordinated charging infrastructure; clarity regarding the choice of technology that will be supported. Moreover, development of a domestic, e-mobility-related industry and a high share of renewable energy strengthens the legitimization of e-mobility support. The findings help designing policy mixes in the transition to electric mobility.

Suggested Citation

  • Marc Dijk & Eric Iversen & Antje Klitkou & René Kemp & Simon Bolwig & Mads Borup & Peter Møllgaard, 2020. "Forks in the Road to E-Mobility: An Evaluation of Instrument Interaction in National Policy Mixes in Northwest Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-20, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:2:p:475-:d:310339
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Mariusz Izdebski & Marianna Jacyna, 2021. "An Efficient Hybrid Algorithm for Energy Expenditure Estimation for Electric Vehicles in Urban Service Enterprises," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-23, April.
    2. Patrick Huntjens & René Kemp, 2022. "The Importance of a Natural Social Contract and Co-Evolutionary Governance for Sustainability Transitions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-26, March.
    3. Gregory Trencher & Achmed Edianto, 2021. "Drivers and Barriers to the Adoption of Fuel Cell Passenger Vehicles and Buses in Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-26, February.
    4. Cristina Sousa & Evaldo Costa, 2022. "Types of Policies for the Joint Diffusion of Electric Vehicles with Renewable Energies and Their Use Worldwide," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-19, October.

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