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Fact‐value framework for adjudicating public health policy debates

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  • Yongjin Choi
  • Ashley M. Fox

Abstract

That policy should be evidence‐based has become a widely accepted dictum, especially in public health, where evidence‐based policy is strongly emphasized. Yet, most public health controversies arise because there is a conflict over values, which facts alone cannot resolve. Moreover, promoting population‐based health interventions requires the art of political actors to arouse public support. In discussing this tension in public health, studies often frame value conflicts as a barrier to rational decision‐making rather than viewing value considerations as an inherent part of democratic policymaking. We argue that by failing to engage value‐conflicts directly, public health professionals actually stymie evidence translation, which requires public and political buy‐in. We suggest a two‐by‐two framework that seeks to make value concerns more explicit in public health policymaking by breaking out policy controversies and alternatives along two dimensions—factual debates and value debates, creating four categories: uncontested alternatives, value debates, fact debates, and contested alternatives. We demonstrate that the policies that are most likely to be contested are those with a strong value conflict and where the evidence‐base is less solid. We also show that the framework is dynamic: fact and value conflicts are neither static nor inevitable. Rather, interested actors use both fact and value to try to push issues from contested to uncontested and vice‐versa. We conclude by demonstrating how the framework can help specify the role of both value and fact debates in public health policymaking through examples from U.S. public health policy controversies, including during the present COVID‐19 crisis. 政策应询证(evidence‐based)已成为广泛接受的名言,尤其是在极其强调循证政策(EBP)的公共卫生领域。不过,大多数公共卫生争议的出现是因为存在价值观冲突,而这种冲突仅靠事实是无法解决的。此外,促进以人口为基础的卫生干预需要政治行动者具备激发公众支持的能力。 在探讨公共卫生中的这种紧张关系时,研究通常将价值冲突视为理性决策的障碍,而不是将价值考量视为民主决策的固有部分。我们论证认为,由于未能直接参与价值冲突,公共卫生专业人员实际上阻碍了证据的转化,这种转化需要公众和政治的认可。 我们提出一个二乘二的框架,该框架通过在两个维度(事实辩论和价值辩论)上划分政策争议和替代方案,使价值问题在公共卫生决策中更加明确,并因此产生四个类别:无争议的替代方案、价值辩论、事实辩论、有争议的替代方案。我们证明,最有可能受到质疑的政策是那些具有强烈价值冲突且证据基础不那么可靠的政策。我们还表明该框架是动态的:事实和价值冲突既非静态、也非不可避免。相反,有利害关系的行动者使用事实和价值来尝试将问题从有争议转向无争议,反之亦然。我们的结论通过美国公共卫生政策争议(包括当前COVID‐19危机期间)实例,展示了该框架如何帮助明确价值和事实辩论在公共卫生决策中的作用。 Que la política debe basarse en la evidencia se ha convertido en un dictamen ampliamente aceptado, especialmente en la salud pública, donde se enfatiza fuertemente la política basada en la evidencia (EBP). Sin embargo, la mayoría de las controversias sobre salud pública surgen porque existe un conflicto de valores que los hechos por sí solos no pueden resolver. Además, promover intervenciones de salud basadas en la población requiere el arte de los actores políticos para despertar el apoyo público. Al discutir esta tensión en la salud pública, los estudios a menudo enmarcan los conflictos de valores como una barrera para la toma de decisiones racional en lugar de considerar las consideraciones de valor como una parte inherente de la formulación de políticas democráticas. Argumentamos que al no abordar directamente los conflictos de valores, los profesionales de la salud pública en realidad obstaculizan la traducción de la evidencia, lo que requiere la aceptación pública y política. Sugerimos un marco de dos por dos que busca hacer que las preocupaciones de valor sean más explícitas en la formulación de políticas de salud pública al dividir las controversias y alternativas de políticas en dos dimensiones: debates fácticos y debates de valores, creando cuatro categorías: alternativas indiscutibles, debates de valores, debates de hechos. y alternativas cuestionadas. Demostramos que las políticas que tienen más probabilidades de ser cuestionadas son aquellas con un fuerte conflicto de valores y donde la base de evidencia es menos sólida. También mostramos que el marco es dinámico: los conflictos de hechos y valores no son estáticos ni inevitables. Más bien, los actores interesados usan tanto el hecho como el valor para tratar de llevar los asuntos de disputados a no disputados y viceversa. Concluimos demostrando cómo el marco puede ayudar a especificar el papel de los debates sobre valores y hechos en la formulación de políticas de salud pública a través de ejemplos de controversias sobre políticas de salud pública de EE. UU., incluso durante la actual crisis de COVID‐19.

Suggested Citation

  • Yongjin Choi & Ashley M. Fox, 2022. "Fact‐value framework for adjudicating public health policy debates," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 39(6), pages 820-844, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:39:y:2022:i:6:p:820-844
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12495
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