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Adaptive Capacity and Climate Resilience of Smallholder Farmers in Mankayan, Benguet: Strategies, Constraints, and Policy Recommendations

Author

Listed:
  • Novy L. Canggat

  • Hwa -Seok Hwang

  • Menjo P. Felino

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to assess how smallholder farmers in Mankayan, Benguet adapt to climate change, the challenges they face, and the support they need to strengthen their resilience and sustain their livelihoods. Methodology: The study employed a mixed-method descriptive design to examine the adaptation strategies, challenges, and support needs of smallholder farmers in Mankayan, Benguet. Data were collected from July to September, 2025, using a standardized questionnaire with both closed- and open-ended items. The sample of 397 farmers was determined using Yamane’s (1967) formula for sample size computation. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, and mean rankings, while qualitative responses were processed through thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and insights. Findings: The study finds that smallholder farmers in Mankayan primarily use low-cost, accessible strategies such as crop rotation, scheduling, traditional methods, agrochemicals, and simple water storage. Adoption of advanced technologies remains low due to financial limitations, weak institutional support, and inadequate infrastructure. Farmers emphasized needs such as financial aid, market stability, and modern tools. They showed strong willingness to adopt sustainable practices if support improved. Key barriers include unpredictable climate hazards, price volatility, high input costs, poor irrigation, and delayed institutional assistance. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: The study integrates multiple theoretical frameworks to explain farmer resilience and offers practical and policy recommendations for climate-resilient agricultural development. Practically, it highlights feasible, farmer-preferred adaptation strategies that are low-cost and knowledge-driven. For policy, it offers clear recommendations such as market stabilization, climate-resilient infrastructure, stronger extension services, financial inclusion, and valuing indigenous knowledge to guide local governments in developing targeted, context-specific programs that strengthen the climate resilience of highland farming communities.

Suggested Citation

  • Novy L. Canggat & Hwa -Seok Hwang & Menjo P. Felino, 2025. "Adaptive Capacity and Climate Resilience of Smallholder Farmers in Mankayan, Benguet: Strategies, Constraints, and Policy Recommendations," International Journal of Developing Country Studies, CARI Journals Limited, vol. 7(3), pages 43-71.
    • Handle: RePEc:bhx:oijdcs:v:7:y:2025:i:3:p:43-71:id:3379
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