IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/anm/alpnmr/v10y2022i2p187-196.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Impact of Political Risk on Foreign Direct Investment with Fourier Approach: The Case of Turkiye

Author

Listed:
  • Gökhan Konat

Abstract

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a desirable form of capital inflows to emerging and developing countries. Such investments are less susceptible to crises and sudden breakdowns. Therefore, foreign direct investment between the political risks of using annual data for the years 1984-2019 which might influence Turkey has been tested. For this purpose, Fourier-based unit root and cointegration analysis are used. As a result of the Fourier unit root analysis, it is concluded that the FDI variable is difference stationary and the political risk variable is level stationary. For this reason, Yılancı et al. (2020), a fractional-frequency Fourier bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) boundary test was applied to the literature. This test, which is in nonlinear form, captures smooth transitional changes in long-term relationships. As a result of the analysis, it is seen that there is a cointegration relationship between foreign direct investments and political risk and the variables come to equilibrium in the long run. In addition, it is seen that the calculated long-term coefficient is positive and significant and the error mechanism works correctly in the short term. Therefore, as political stability is achieved foreign direct investment inflows will increase and the economies of the country will gain an advantage in reaching high levels of financial development. As a result, it is concluded that the Weak Partisan model is valid in the Turkish economy.

Suggested Citation

  • Gökhan Konat, 2022. "Impact of Political Risk on Foreign Direct Investment with Fourier Approach: The Case of Turkiye," Alphanumeric Journal, Bahadir Fatih Yildirim, vol. 10(2), pages 187-196, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:anm:alpnmr:v:10:y:2022:i:2:p:187-196
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.17093/alphanumeric.1088005
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.alphanumericjournal.com/media/Issue/volume-10-issue-2-2022/impact-of-political-risk-on-foreign-direct-investment-with-_O7xU7eU.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://alphanumericjournal.com/article/impact-of-political-risk-on-foreign-direct-investment-with-fourier-approach-the-case-of-turkiye
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/https://doi.org/10.17093/alphanumeric.1088005?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Alesina, Alberto & Özler, Sule & Roubini, Nouriel & Swagel, Phillip, 1996. "Political Instability and Economic Growth," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 1(2), pages 189-211, June.
    2. Stephen B Tallman, 1988. "Home Country Political Risk and Foreign Direct Investment in the United States," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 19(2), pages 219-234, June.
    3. Khan, Mashrur Mustaque & Akbar, Mashfique Ibne, 2013. "The Impact of Political Risk on Foreign Direct Investment," MPRA Paper 47283, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Robert McNown & Chung Yan Sam & Soo Khoon Goh, 2018. "Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(13), pages 1509-1521, March.
    5. Hoon Lee & Glen Biglaiser & Joseph L. Staats, 2014. "The Effects of Political Risk on Different Entry Modes of Foreign Direct Investment," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(5), pages 683-710, October.
    6. Stephen J Kobrin, 1979. "Political Risk: A Review and Reconsideration," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 10(1), pages 67-80, March.
    7. Kwiatkowski, Denis & Phillips, Peter C. B. & Schmidt, Peter & Shin, Yongcheol, 1992. "Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root : How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 54(1-3), pages 159-178.
    8. Omay, Tolga, 2015. "Fractional Frequency Flexible Fourier Form to approximate smooth breaks in unit root testing," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 123-126.
    9. Midoun Sissani & Zairi Belkacem, 2014. "The Effect of Political Risk on Foreign Direct Investment:The Case of Algeria," Hyperion Economic Journal, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Hyperion University of Bucharest, Romania, vol. 2(3), pages 29-35, September.
    10. Harun BAL & Emrah Eray AKÇA, 2016. "Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının Belirleyicileri: Seçilmiş Doğu Asya ve Pasifik Ülkelerinden Ampirik Bulgular," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 24(30).
    11. Nathan Jensen & Fiona McGillivray, 2005. "Federal Institutions and Multinational Investors: Federalism, Government Credibility, and Foreign Direct Investment," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(4), pages 303-325, October.
    12. Dunning, John H, 1979. "Explaining Changing Patterns of International Production: In Defence of the Eclectic Theory," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 41(4), pages 269-295, November.
    13. Ralf Becker & Walter Enders & Junsoo Lee, 2006. "A Stationarity Test in the Presence of an Unknown Number of Smooth Breaks," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(3), pages 381-409, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Omay, Tolga & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Stewart, Chris, 2021. "Is There Really Hysteresis in OECD Countries’ Unemployment Rates? New Evidence Using a Fourier Panel Unit Root Test," MPRA Paper 107691, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 10 May 2021.
    2. Khyati Kathuria & Nand Kumar, 2022. "Are exports and imports of India’s trading partners cointegrated? Evidence from Fourier bootstrap ARDL procedure," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 62(3), pages 1177-1191, March.
    3. Emrah Sofuoğlu & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2023. "The effect of mineral saving and energy on the ecological footprint in an emerging market: evidence from novel Fourier based approaches," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 1-16, December.
    4. Ali, Adnan & Ramakrishnan, Suresh & Faisal,, 2022. "Financial development and natural resources. Is there a stock market resource curse?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    5. Tolga Omay & Perihan Iren, 2023. "Controlling Heterogeneous Structure of Smooth Breaks in Panel Unit Root and Cointegration Testing," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 61(1), pages 233-265, January.
    6. Bagliano, Fabio C. & Morana, Claudio, 2009. "International macroeconomic dynamics: A factor vector autoregressive approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 432-444, March.
    7. Tolga Omay & Furkan Emirmahmutoğlu, 2017. "The Comparison of Power and Optimization Algorithms on Unit Root Testing with Smooth Transition," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 49(4), pages 623-651, April.
    8. Adewale Samuel Hassan, 2022. "Does Country Risk Influence Foreign Direct Investment Inflows? A Case of the Visegrád Four," Economies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-22, September.
    9. Elie Bouri & Tsangyao Chang & Rangan Gupta, 2016. "Testing the Efficiency of the Wine Market using Unit Root Tests with Sharp and Smooth Breaks," Working Papers 201664, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
    10. Liu, Lin & Chang, Hsu-Ling & Su, Chi-Wei & Jiang, Chun, 2013. "Real interest rate parity in East Asian countries based on China with flexible Fourier stationary test," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 25, pages 52-58.
    11. Jorge Andrés Tamayo Castaño, 2012. "Asimetrías en la demanda por trabajo en Colombia: el papel del ciclo económico," Borradores de Economia 689, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    12. Qianyi Li & Md Qamruzzaman, 2023. "Innovation-Led Environmental Sustainability in Vietnam—Towards a Green Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-34, August.
    13. Wang, Kai-Hua & Su, Chi-Wei & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona & Umar, Muhammad, 2021. "Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    14. Yu-Chen Zhang & Deng-Kui Si & Bing Zhao, 2020. "The Convergence of Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Emissions Per Capita in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-33, February.
    15. Cuihong Ye & Yiguo Chen & Roula Inglesi-Lotz & Tsangyao Chang, 2020. "CO2 emissions converge in China and G7 countries? Further evidence from Fourier quantile unit root test," Energy & Environment, , vol. 31(2), pages 348-363, March.
    16. Sakiru Adebola SOLARIN, 2017. "The Stationarity of Consumption-Income Ratios: Nonlinear Evidence in ASEAN Countries," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(2), pages 109-123, June.
    17. Omid Ranjbar & Tsangyao Chang & Chien-Chiang Lee & Zahra Mila Elmi, 2018. "Catching-up process in the transition countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 249-278, August.
    18. Mubariz Hasanov, 2014. "Testing for a unit root in the presence of a nonlinear trend: The case of Australian Reel Exchange Rate," Econometrics Letters, Bilimsel Mektuplar Organizasyonu (Scientific letters), vol. 1(1), pages 10-17.
    19. Svetlana Gurieva & Irina Kuznetsova & Ekaterina Yumkina & Sergey Manichev & Elena Sidorenko, 2017. "Emotional Intelligence and Behavior Styles of Russian Middle Managers in Business Communication," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4B), pages 679-693.
    20. Goodness C. Aye & Tsangyao Chang & Wen-Yi Chen & Rangan Gupta & Mark Wohar, 2016. "Testing the Efficiency of the Art Market using Quantile-Based Unit Root Tests with Sharp and Smooth Breaks," Working Papers 201625, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Foreign Direct Investments; Fourier ARDL; Fourier KPSS; Fractional Frequency Fourier; Political Risk; Stationarity;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C01 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - General - - - Econometrics

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:anm:alpnmr:v:10:y:2022:i:2:p:187-196. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Bahadir Fatih Yildirim (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.alphanumericjournal.com/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.