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Imported carbon emissions: Evidence from French manufacturing companies

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  • Damien Dussaux
  • Francesco Vona
  • Antoine Dechezleprêtre

Abstract

This paper analyzes imported carbon emission at the firm level. To do so, we combine information on emissions, imports, imported emissions and energy prices for French manufacturing firms between 1997 and 2014. We document a significant increase of the carbon emissions embedded in imports of French manufacturing companies over the period 1997 to 2014 that is attributable mainly to a shift towards more carbon‐intensive products and countries. We then estimate the impact of imported emissions on domestic emissions and emission intensity using a shift‐share instrumental variable strategy based on third countries supply shocks. We do not find compelling evidence of an impact of carbon imports on total emissions, but emission efficiency improves significantly in companies offshoring emissions abroad. A 10% increase in carbon offshoring causes a 4% decline in emission intensity. In addition, we find that the elasticity of domestic emission intensity to imported emissions is stronger in energy‐intensive sectors, on high‐productivity companies and among exporters. Reassuringly, the relationship between imported emissions and emission intensity does not seem to be driven by a pollution haven motive. Émissions de carbone importées : données probantes provenant des entreprises de fabrication françaises. Cet article analyse les émissions de carbone importées au niveau des entreprises. Pour ce faire, nous regroupons des données sur les émissions, les importations, les émissions importées et les prix de l'énergie des entreprises manufacturières françaises entre 1997 et 2014. Nous documentons une hausse importante des émissions de carbone intégrées aux importations des entreprises des secteurs de l'industrie manufacturière française pendant la période allant de 1997 à 2014, hausse qui est principalement attribuée à l'augmentation des importations de produits plus intensifs en carbone et en provenance de pays où la production est davantage carbonnée. Nous estimons ensuite l'effet des émissions importées sur les émissions locales et l'intensité en émissions des entreprises à l'aide d'une stratégie de variable instrumentale fondée sur les chocs d'offre des pays tiers et la composition des importations passées au niveau firme. Nous ne trouvons pas de preuves convaincantes de la répercussion des importations de carbone sur les émissions totales. En revanche, 'efficience des émissions s'améliore considérablement pour les entreprises qui délocalisent leurs émissions à l'étranger. Une hausse de 10 % de la délocalisation du carbone se traduit par une diminution de 4 % de l'intensité en émissions. En outre, nous constatons que l'élasticité de l'intensité en émissions locales par rapport aux émissions importées est plus forte pour les secteurs énergivores, les entreprises à haute productivité et les exportateurs. Il est rassurant de voir que la relation entre les émissions importées et l'intensité en émissions ne semble pas être déterminée par un effet d'havre de pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Damien Dussaux & Francesco Vona & Antoine Dechezleprêtre, 2023. "Imported carbon emissions: Evidence from French manufacturing companies," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 56(2), pages 593-621, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:56:y:2023:i:2:p:593-621
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12653
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    2. Delera, Michele, 2021. "Is production in global value chains (GVCs) sustainable? A review of the empirical evidence on social and environmental sustainabilitiy in GVCs," PEGNet Policy Studies 04/2020, PEGNet - Poverty Reduction, Equity and Growth Network, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    3. Aliénor Cameron & Marc Baudry, 2023. "The case for carbon leakage and border adjustments: where do economists stand?," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 25(3), pages 435-469, July.

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    • F18 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade and Environment
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

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