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Finance and Inequality: Theory and Evidence

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  • Asli Demirg��-Kunt
  • Ross Levine

    () (World Bank, Washington, D.C. 20433, Brown University and the NBER, Providence, Rhode Island 02912)

Abstract

In this paper, we critically review the literature on finance and inequality, highlighting substantive gaps in the literature. Finance plays a crucial role in the preponderance of theories of persistent inequality. Unsurprisingly, therefore, economic theory provides a rich set of predictions concerning both the impact of finance on inequality and about the relevant mechanisms. While subject to ample qualifications, the bulk of empirical research suggests that improvements in financial contracts, markets, and intermediaries expand economic opportunities and reduce inequality. Yet, there is a shortage of theoretical and empirical research on the potentially enormous impact of formal financial sector policies, such as bank regulations and securities law, on persistent inequality. Furthermore, we lack a conceptual framework for considering the joint and endogenous evolution of finance, inequality, and economic growth.

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Bibliographic Info

Article provided by Annual Reviews in its journal Annual Review of Financial Economics.

Volume (Year): 1 (2009)
Issue (Month): 1 (November)
Pages: 287-318

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Handle: RePEc:anr:refeco:v:1:y:2009:p:287-318

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Keywords: income distribution; development; growth; banks; capital markets; regulation;

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Cited by:
  1. Sun, Puyang & Sen, Somnath & Jin, Shujing, 2012. "Equity market liberalization, credit constraints and income inequality," Economics Discussion Papers 2012-22, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
  2. McDermott, Thomas K. J. & Barry, Frank & Tol, Richard S. J., 2011. "Disasters and Development: Natural Disasters, Credit Constraints and Economic Growth," Papers WP411, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
  3. Nakamura, Hideki & Nakajima, Tetsuya, 2011. "A credit market in early stages of economic development," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 112(1), pages 42-44, July.
  4. Sebastian Jauch & Sebastian Watzka, 2011. "Financial Development and Income Inequality: A Panel Data Approach," CESifo Working Paper Series 3687, CESifo Group Munich.
  5. Gimet, Céline & Lagoarde-Segot, Thomas, 2011. "A closer look at financial development and income distribution," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 1698-1713, July.
  6. Ross Levine, 2010. "An autopsy of the US financial system: accident, suicide, or negligent homicide," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 2(3), pages 196-213, August.
  7. Cihak, Martin & Demirguc-Kunt, Asli & Feyen, Erik & Levine, Ross, 2012. "Benchmarking financial systems around the world," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6175, The World Bank.
  8. Kunieda, Takuma & Okada, Keisuke & Shibata, Akihisa, 2011. "Finance and Inequality: How Does Globalization Change Their Relationship?," MPRA Paper 35358, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  9. Manthos, Delis & Iftekhar, Hasan & Pantelis, Kazakis, 2010. "Bank regulations and income inequality: Empirical evidence," MPRA Paper 27379, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  10. Tobias F. Rötheli, 2011. "The Kuznets curve: determinants of its shape and the role of finance," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 28(2), pages 149-159, June.
  11. Bouton, Lawrence & Tiongson, Erwin R., 2010. "Subjective perceptions of financing constraints: How well do they reflect credit market conditions?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 98-105, June.

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