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Convergence in total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide

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  • Belloc, Ignacio
  • Molina, José Alberto

Abstract

This paper examines convergence patterns in total greenhouse gas emissions across 114 countries from 1990 to 2019. Prior research has largely focused on one representative greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide emissions, but our goal is to broaden the study. We use the club convergence test to contrast the null hypothesis of convergence for a pool of data and identify subgroups of convergence. The results reveal different clubs according to the air pollutant considered, indicating the importance of considering a range of air pollutants in convergence analyses. We also explore the main determinants of the observed convergence patterns and estimate various ordinal models. We find that income level, urbanization, natural resources dependency, renewables energy consumption, trade openness, and corruption level all contribute to explain these different patterns. Our determinant analyses especially note the importance of institutional quality. The results are important in reformulating current environmental policies, which are mostly based on the hypothesis of overall convergence, according to the different convergence clubs detected.

Suggested Citation

  • Belloc, Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto, 2023. "Convergence in total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1318, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:glodps:1318
    as

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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Peter C. B. Phillips & Donggyu Sul, 2007. "Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 75(6), pages 1771-1855, November.
    2. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Kyophilavong, Phouphet & Albulescu, Claudiu Tiberiu, 2016. "Testing the stationarity of CO2 emissions series in Sub-Saharan African countries by incorporating nonlinearity and smooth breaks," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 527-540.
    3. Perron, Pierre, 1989. "The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 57(6), pages 1361-1401, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    greenhouse gas emissions; convergence; global analysis; environmental policy; institutions;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
    • O50 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - General
    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling

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