IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/swn/wpaper/2022-02.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Endogenous market choice, listing regulations and IPO spread: Evidence from the London Stock Exchange

Author

Listed:
  • Hafiz Hoque

    (Swansea University)

Abstract

This study examines the endogenous market choice and its impact on underwriter spread if AIM IPOs that meet Main Market (MM) listing requirements had issued equity in the MM during the 1995-2021 period. We find that the spread is 1.33% higher in the AIM than the MM for IPO listings that meet the MM listing requirements. This finding suggests that AIM companies, meeting the MM listing requirements, could have saved more than £100 million by going public through the MM than the AIM market. We also find that this spread differential is attributed to the issuing firms’ market self-selection. We also find that listing requirements in the MM has an impact on the gross spread. The Propensity score matching results show that AIM firms that meet the MM market listing requirements pay a 0.921% higher spread which is significant at a 1% level compared to the MM market IPOs.

Suggested Citation

  • Hafiz Hoque, 2022. "Endogenous market choice, listing regulations and IPO spread: Evidence from the London Stock Exchange," Working Papers 2022-02, Swansea University, School of Management.
    • Handle: RePEc:swn:wpaper:2022-02
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://rahwebdav.swan.ac.uk/repec/pdf/WP2022-02.pdf
    File Function: First version, 2022
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Michele Meoli & J. Ari Pandes & Michael J. Robinson & Silvio Vismara, 2018. "Can Spending Time in the Minors Pay Off? An Examination of the Canadian Junior Public Equity Markets," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(S1), pages 88-107, March.
    2. Carter, Richard B, 1992. "Underwriter Reputation and Repetitive Public Offerings," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 15(4), pages 341-354, Winter.
    3. Lily Hua Fang, 2005. "Investment Bank Reputation and the Price and Quality of Underwriting Services," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(6), pages 2729-2761, December.
    4. Bradley, Daniel J & et al, 2001. "Venture Capital and IPO Lockup Expiration: An Empirical Analysis," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 24(4), pages 465-493, Winter.
    5. Abadie, Alberto & Imbens, Guido W., 2011. "Bias-Corrected Matching Estimators for Average Treatment Effects," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 29(1), pages 1-11.
    6. Shane A. Corwin & Paul Schultz, 2005. "The Role of IPO Underwriting Syndicates: Pricing, Information Production, and Underwriter Competition," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(1), pages 443-486, February.
    7. Alon Brav & Paul A. Gompers, 2003. "The Role of Lockups in Initial Public Offerings," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(1), pages 1-29.
    8. François Derrien & Ambrus Kecskes, 2007. "The Initial Public Offerings of Listed Firms," Post-Print hal-00480837, HAL.
    9. Hansen, Robert S., 2001. "Do investment banks compete in IPOs?: the advent of the "7% plus contract"," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(3), pages 313-346, March.
    10. Hsuan‐Chi Chen & Jay R. Ritter, 2000. "The Seven Percent Solution," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 55(3), pages 1105-1131, June.
    11. Karpoff, Jonathan M. & Lee, Gemma & Masulis, Ronald W., 2013. "Contracting under asymmetric information: Evidence from lockup agreements in seasoned equity offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(3), pages 607-626.
    12. Sami Torstila, 2001. "What Determines IPO Gross Spreads in Europe?," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 7(4), pages 523-541, December.
    13. Daniel J. Bradley & Bradford D. Jordan & Ha-Chin Yi & Ivan C. Roten, 2001. "Venture Capital And Ipo Lockup Expiration: An Empirical Analysis," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 24(4), pages 465-493, December.
    14. Doukas, John A. & Hoque, Hafiz, 2016. "Why firms favour the AIM when they can list on main market?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 378-404.
    15. James, Christopher, 1992. "Relationship-Specific Assets and the Pricing of Underwriter Services," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 47(5), pages 1865-1885, December.
    16. Torstila, Sami, 2003. "The Clustering of IPO Gross Spreads: International Evidence," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 38(3), pages 673-694, September.
    17. Hoque, Hafiz, 2014. "Role of asymmetric information and moral hazard on IPO underpricing and lockup," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 81-105.
    18. Khurshed, Arif & Kostas, Dimitris & Saadouni, Brahim, 2016. "Warrants in underwritten IPOs: The Alternative Investment Market (AIM) experience," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 97-109.
    19. Carl R. Chen & Nancy J. Mohan, 2002. "Underwriter Spread, Underwriter Reputation, and IPO Underpricing: A Simultaneous Equation Analysis," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3&4), pages 521-540.
    20. Jacqueline L. Garner & Beverly B. Marshall, 2014. "Underwriter Compensation Structure: Can It Really Bond Underwriters?," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 49(1), pages 21-48, February.
    21. François Derrien & Ambrus Kecskés, 2007. "The Initial Public Offerings of Listed Firms," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 62(1), pages 447-479, February.
    22. Andrey Golubov & Dimitris Petmezas & Nickolaos G. Travlos, 2012. "When It Pays to Pay Your Investment Banker: New Evidence on the Role of Financial Advisors in M&As," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(1), pages 271-312, February.
    23. Richard B. Carter, 1992. "Underwriter Reputation And Repetitive Public Offerings," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 15(4), pages 341-354, December.
    24. Seth Armitage, 2000. "The direct costs of UK rights issues and open offers," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 6(1), pages 57-68, March.
    25. Carl R. Chen & Nancy J. Mohan, 2002. "Underwriter Spread, Underwriter Reputation, and IPO Underpricing: A Simultaneous Equation Analysis," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3‐4), pages 521-540, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fernando, Chitru S. & Gatchev, Vladimir A. & May, Anthony D. & Megginson, William L., 2015. "Prestige without purpose? Reputation, differentiation, and pricing in U.S. equity underwriting," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 41-63.
    2. Jeon, Jin Q. & Lee, Cheolwoo, 2015. "A new measure for heated negotiation in the IPO syndicate," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 278-304.
    3. Güçbilmez, Ufuk, 2014. "Why do some Chinese technology firms avoid ChiNext and go public in the US?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 179-194.
    4. Hsuan‐Chi Chen & Robert C. W. Fok & Yu‐Jen Wang, 2006. "Why do Underwriters Charge Low Underwriting Fees for Initial Public Offerings in Taiwan?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(7‐8), pages 979-1005, September.
    5. Reber, Beat & Vencappa, Dev, 2016. "Deliberate premarket underpricing and aftermarket mispricing: New insights on IPO pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 18-33.
    6. Hao, (Grace) Qing, 2011. "Securities litigation, withdrawal risk and initial public offerings," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 438-456, June.
    7. Mingsheng Li & Thomas H. McInish & Udomsak Wongchoti, 2005. "Asymmetric Information in the IPO Aftermarket," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 40(2), pages 131-153, May.
    8. Chen, Hsuan-Chi & Fauver, Larry & Yang, Pei-Ching, 2009. "What do investment banks charge to underwrite American Depositary Receipts?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 609-618, April.
    9. Garner, Jacqueline L. & Marshall, Beverly B., 2010. "The non-7% solution," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1664-1674, July.
    10. Manel Allaya & Narjess Toumi, 2020. "The effect of lockup on management earnings forecasts disclosure in French IPOs," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 24(2), pages 507-529, June.
    11. Gunay, Erdal & Ursel, Nancy, 2015. "Underwriter competition in accelerated seasoned equity offerings: Evidence from Canada," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 94-110.
    12. Reber, Beat, 2017. "Does mispricing, liquidity or third-party certification contribute to IPO downside risk?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 25-53.
    13. Amaya, Diego & Brolley, Michael & Smith, Brian F., 2020. "Diamonds in the rough: The value of scouting for early-stage funding," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    14. Jeon, Jin Q. & Lee, Cheolwoo & Nasser, Tareque & Via, M. Tony, 2015. "Multiple lead underwriter IPOs and firm visibility," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 128-149.
    15. Cline, Brandon N. & Fu, Xudong & Tang, Tian, 2015. "Do investors value SEO lockup agreements?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 314-321.
    16. Haman, Janto & Chalmers, Keryn & Fang, Victor, 2017. "IPO lockups, long run returns, and growth opportunities," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 184-199.
    17. Huang, Rongbing & Shangguan, Zhaoyun & Zhang, Donghang, 2008. "The networking function of investment banks: Evidence from private investments in public equity," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(5), pages 738-752, December.
    18. Chang, Xin & Shekhar, Chander & Tam, Lewis H.K. & Yao, Jiaquan, 2016. "The information role of advisors in mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from acquirers hiring targets’ ex-advisors," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 247-264.
    19. Hsuan-Chi Chen & Chiuling Lu, 2006. "How Much Do REITs Pay for Their IPOs?," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 33(2), pages 105-125, September.
    20. Kolb, Johannes & Tykvová, Tereza, 2016. "Going public via special purpose acquisition companies: Frogs do not turn into princes," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 80-96.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gross Spread; Listing requirements; Heckman Selection model; underwriter fixed effects; Propensity Score Matching;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:swn:wpaper:2022-02. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Syed Shabi-Ul-Hassan (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/edswauk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.