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Les industries de haute technologie de la zone euro et des États-Unis: Une étude comparée de la compétitivité et des parts de marché

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  • Sarah Guillou

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

Abstract

L’évolution des productions des industries de haute technologie montre un écart croissant, à partir de la seconde moitié des années 1990, entre la zone euro et les États-Unis, en faveur de ces derniers. En revanche, le niveau des exportations est quasiment identique actuellement. Le dynamisme des exportations de la zone euro est conforté par l’augmentation des parts de marché ; aux États-Unis, celles-ci déclinent, mais restent en niveau supérieures. Ceci est cohérent avec deux autres faits stylisés issus de la comparaison de la compétitivité-coût. D’une part, le niveau moyen du coût du travail unitaire relatif est plus élevé dans la zone euro qu’aux États-Unis ; d’autre part, ce coût dans la zone euro augmente moins ou diminue plus, en moyenne sur la période 1988-2002. La zone euro améliore donc sa compétitivité-coût par rapport aux États-Unis. La dernière section de l’article permet de vérifier que cette amélioration explique en partie la dynamique des parts de marché. D’une part, nous trouvons une relation positive contemporaine entre les parts de marché et le coût du travail unitaire relatif qui signifie, paradoxalement, que des gains de parts de marché ont été réalisés là où la compétitivité-coût s’était dégradée. En fait, le coût salarial est à l’origine de cette relation. Les gains de parts de marché se sont produits dans des industries « hautement haute technologie », où les compétences sont associées à un coût salarial élevé. D’autre part, il existe une relation négative entre le coût du travail unitaire relatif retardé et les parts de marché. L’évolution de la compétitivité-coût est pertinente pour comprendre l’évolution des parts de marché des industries de haute technologie, au moins dans un certain nombre d’industries. La sensibilité négative des parts de marché au coût du travail unitaire relatif est causée par le taux de change et la productivité. En d’autres termes, dans le cadre de la compétition avec les États-Unis sur les marchés mondiaux des industries de haute technologie, c’est moins le coût salarial qui affecte les parts de marché que l’évolution du taux de change et de la productivité.

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  • Sarah Guillou, 2006. "Les industries de haute technologie de la zone euro et des États-Unis: Une étude comparée de la compétitivité et des parts de marché," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/7305, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/7305
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Zone euro; Compétitivité; Parts de marché;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • L63 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Manufacturing - - - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
    • L60 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Manufacturing - - - General
    • F31 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Foreign Exchange
    • O30 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - General

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