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The Upward-Sloping Path of Fiscal Multipliers and Humped-Persistent Tail Effect: Evidence from a Behavioral New Keynesian Model of South Korea

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  • Lee, Sunwoo

Abstract

This paper estimates a hybrid Behavioral New Keynesian (BNK) model for the South Korean economy, extending the cognitive discounting framework of Gabaix (2020) with a reduced- form inertia parameter to capture the path dependency characteristic of economies with concentrated illiquid asset holdings. Using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation on quarterly Korean macroeconomic data spanning 1991–2025, I identify a cognitive discount factor of approximately 0.74 and a structural inertia weight of 0.44, both significantly different from the US benchmark. The estimated behavioral parameters generate a non-monotonic fiscal multiplier trajectory: an initial dampened response followed by a gradual build-up and a persistent hump — a pattern that departs from the immediate peak and monotonic decay predicted by standard rational expectations models. Robustness checks under alternative expectation assumptions, interest rate regimes, and augmented instrument sets confirm the stability of the estimates. These findings suggest that fiscal policy transmission in Korea operates through a delayed amplification channel rooted in cognitive frictions and structural inertia.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee, Sunwoo, 2026. "The Upward-Sloping Path of Fiscal Multipliers and Humped-Persistent Tail Effect: Evidence from a Behavioral New Keynesian Model of South Korea," MPRA Paper 129219, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:129219
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xavier Gabaix, 2014. "A Sparsity-Based Model of Bounded Rationality," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 129(4), pages 1661-1710.
    2. Michael Woodford, 2013. "Macroeconomic Analysis Without the Rational Expectations Hypothesis," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 5(1), pages 303-346, May.
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    7. Gabaix, Xavier, 2015. "Behavioral Macroeconomics Via Sparse Dynamic Programming," CEPR Discussion Papers 11026, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • C52 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
    • D84 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Expectations; Speculations
    • D91 - Microeconomics - - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics - - - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
    • E12 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian; Modern Monetary Theory
    • E32 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory

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