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Politique d’immigration, statut légal et fécondité des migrantes : le cas de Mayotte

Author

Listed:
  • Cris Beauchemin
  • Marine Haddad
  • Mamady Cisse
  • Christelle Nagnonhou
  • Lucas Ondicolberry
  • Andreas Priambodo

Abstract

La fécondité des immigrées est devenue dans certains contextes un sujet si sensible qu’il conduit parfois à des réformes constitutionnelles sur le droit de la nationalité, les femmes « sans papiers » étant soupçonnées d’instrumentaliser leur grossesse pour légitimer leur séjour dans leur pays d’accueil. En France, le territoire de Mayotte cristallise les débats en la matière. L’île, dont le statut est contesté par les Comores, a été progressivement intégrée à la France. Sa frontière avec les autres îles de l’archipel est aujourd’hui l’une des plus contrastées du monde sur le plan économique. Et, alors que la libre circulation a prévalu jusqu’en 1995, le contrôle de la frontière n’a cessé de se durcir depuis cette date. Mayotte offre donc un cas particulièrement intéressant pour étudier la relation entre politique migratoire, statut des migrants et fécondité. Dans ce document, sur la base d’une revue de littérature internationale, nous proposons un cadre d’analyse de ces relations. Nous exploitons par ailleurs l’enquête Migration-Famille-Vieillissement-Mayotte (MFVM, 2015-2016). Premier résultat : la proportion des femmes comoriennes « sans papiers » l’année de leur arrivée à Mayotte est historiquement élevée et elle a progressé au fil du renforcement de la frontière. Son incidence est telle (87% avant 1995, 97% entre 2011 et 2015), qu’il est impossible de comparer statistiquement les femmes selon leur statut légal à l’arrivée. Second résultat : la probabilité d’avoir un enfant suivant l’arrivée à Mayotte a évolué au fil du temps. Elle s’est accrue après l’instauration du visa Balladur qui a constitué un signal fort de mise en cause de la présence des Comoriens à Mayotte, et qui a pu conduire certaines femmes à adapter leur comportement de fécondité pour légitimer leur présence sur le territoire mahorais. Ce résultat rappelle que les comportements de fécondité peuvent répondre à des signaux institutionnels qui ne relèvent pas uniquement des politiques familiales. Après 1999, la probabilité d’avoir un enfant suivant l’arrivée s’est stabilisée, ce qui suggère que l’insécurité croissante vécue par les femmes en situation irrégulière du fait de l’accroissement des contrôles et des expulsions a pu limiter leur fécondité, comme cela a été observé dans d’autres contextes.

Suggested Citation

  • Cris Beauchemin & Marine Haddad & Mamady Cisse & Christelle Nagnonhou & Lucas Ondicolberry & Andreas Priambodo, 2024. "Politique d’immigration, statut légal et fécondité des migrantes : le cas de Mayotte," Working Papers 297, French Institute for Demographic Studies.
    • Handle: RePEc:idg:wpaper:vswpujebbzdvygr2dk3a
    DOI: 10.48756/ined-dt-297.0924
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    References listed on IDEAS

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