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Rueff et l’analyse du chômage : Quels héritages?

Author

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  • Georges Prat

    (EconomiX - EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Cet article montre que Rueff (1925, 1931) distinguait [a] un chômage « permanent » attribuable à un excès des salaires réels par rapport au rendement du travail, [b] un chômage « temporaire » attribuable à une baisse de l'activité économique liée à une diminution cyclique des prix, enfin [c] un chômage «minimal» de type frictionnel prévalant dans le fonctionnement normal de l'économie. Sur la base d'observations empiriques, Rueff suggère que le chômage de type [a] était largement dominant dans l'Angleterre des années 1920 (« loi de Rueff »). La confrontation entre cette analyse et les analyses postérieures du chômage dans la littérature permet de dégager que : (i) la courbe de Phillips et son extension avec le NAIRU est un non-héritage ; (ii) la courbe des salaires (« wage curve ») s'accorde avec la « loi de Rueff » tout en constituant un intéressant complément; (iii) l'équation d'Allais du chômage français se décalque très bien sur les trois types de chômage distingués par Rueff; (iv) bien qu'étant aujourd'hui délaissée, la théorie des équilibres temporaires à prix fixes inclut le chômage de type [a], ceci que l'on regarde le régime de chômage « classique » ou celui de chômage « keynésien » ; (v) la nouvelle micro-économie keynésienne du travail montre qu'un chômage de type [a] peut être expliqué par le comportement rationnel des agents sans faire intervenir des rigidités exogènes imposées par l'Etat ; ce résultat généralise l'idée d'un chômage de type [a] mais constitue une réfutation de la possibilité admise par Rueff d'un équilibre concurrentiel spontané sur le marché du travail en l'absence de rigidités exogènes; (vi) le modèle de concurrence imparfaite WS-PS fondé sur la négociation entre salariés et employeurs s'accorde avec les trois types de chômage [a], [b] et [c], au point où l'on peut y voir une synthèse rejoignant Rueff et Allais.

Suggested Citation

  • Georges Prat, 2014. "Rueff et l’analyse du chômage : Quels héritages?," Working Papers hal-04141368, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04141368
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-04141368
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    References listed on IDEAS

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