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Coexistence of Banks and Non-Banks: Intermediation Functions and Strategies

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Abstract

What is the essence of non-bank financial intermediation? How does it emerge and interact with intermediation performed by banks? To investigate these questions, we develop a model-based survey: we classify existing models into different intermediation functions á la Merton (1995) to show that variations of them admit a common modeling structure; then, we extend or reinterpret the resulting models to connect equilibrium strategies to non-bank activities in practice. Particular emphasis is placed on the coexistence of banks and non-banks: how their competition, or the extent of cooperation through contractual arrangements, varies across intermediation functions. Through this approach we speak to a variety of entities such as traditional banks, open-end funds, special purpose vehicles, private credit entities, and fintech lenders. We also discuss innovation, regulation, and market liquidity as drivers of non-bank activities.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicola Cetorelli & Gonzalo Cisternas & Asani Sarkar, 2025. "Coexistence of Banks and Non-Banks: Intermediation Functions and Strategies," Staff Reports 1145, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fednsr:99720
    DOI: 10.59576/sr.1145
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Li, Jian & Ma, Yiming & Mendicino, Caterina & Supera, Dominik, 2026. "Bank to non-bank lending and the reallocation of credit," Working Paper Series 3220, European Central Bank.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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