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Voting for Gender Balancing? The effect of a multiple-vote system on women’s representation

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  • Yoshikuni ONO
  • Hirofumi MIWA
  • Yuko KASUYA

Abstract

Does allowing voters to choose multiple candidates foster diversity in legislative bodies? Majoritarian systems typically restrict voters to casting a ballot for one candidate, yet research suggests that permitting voters to select multiple candidates could boost the election of women and racial minorities. Despite indications of greater diversity under multiple-vote systems, voter behavior evidence remains scarce. To address this, our survey experiment varied the number of selectable candidates on a ballot in local elections. Results revealed that respondents alternated candidate genders, particularly in their second and third choices, supporting the theory that multiple voting promotes diverse representation. However, men more frequently became their first choice when multiple candidates were selectable, giving male candidates an overall advantage on the aggregate level.

Suggested Citation

  • Yoshikuni ONO & Hirofumi MIWA & Yuko KASUYA, 2025. "Voting for Gender Balancing? The effect of a multiple-vote system on women’s representation," Discussion papers 25047, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    • Handle: RePEc:eti:dpaper:25047
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sona N. Golder & Laura B. Stephenson & Karine van Der Straeten & André Blais & Damien Bol & Philipp Harfst & Jean-François Laslier, 2017. "Votes for Women: Electoral Systems and Support for Female Candidates," Post-Print halshs-01518271, HAL.
    2. Catalinac, Amy, 2018. "Positioning under Alternative Electoral Systems: Evidence from Japanese Candidate Election Manifestos," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 112(1), pages 31-48, February.
    3. Schaffner, Brian F., 2022. "Optimizing the Measurement of Sexism in Political Surveys," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 30(3), pages 364-380, July.
    4. Mummolo, Jonathan & Peterson, Erik, 2019. "Demand Effects in Survey Experiments: An Empirical Assessment," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 113(2), pages 517-529, May.
    5. Hainmueller, Jens & Hopkins, Daniel J. & Yamamoto, Teppei, 2014. "Causal Inference in Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Multidimensional Choices via Stated Preference Experiments," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 22(1), pages 1-30, January.
    6. Kostanca Dhima & Sona Golder & Laura Stephenson & Karine van Der Straeten, 2021. "Permissive electoral systems and descriptive representation," Post-Print hal-03542971, HAL.
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