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Beware Diworsification: A Firm- and Supply-Chain Approach to Trade Resilience

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  • Thierry Warin

Abstract

This paper examines the often-invoked principle that diversifying international trade partners reduces economic risk, and argues that an uncritical application of this concept at the country level can be misleading. Using historical context and a simple theoretical model, we show that while spreading trade across many countries – akin to portfolio diversification – can mitigate idiosyncratic shocks, it provides little protection against systemic shocks and can mask dangerous concentrations at the firm and supply chain levels. Key insights include: (1) Countries do not trade; firms do – and export flows are often dominated by a small number of firms or commodities, so national diversification statistics may conceal micro-level vulnerabilities. (2) Simply increasing the number of trade partners yields diminishing returns in risk reduction, especially when partners’ economies are correlated; more partners do not automatically mean less exposure. (3) A diversified macro-level trade profile does not ensure that individual firms or industries are diversified or resilient. We formalize these ideas in a mean–variance portfolio framework and illustrate how true risk reduction depends on having independent streams of trade (not merely multiple streams). Policymakers are cautioned to look beyond aggregate metrics: without examining who trades what with whom, efforts to diversify trade can create a false sense of security – a phenomenon akin to “diworsification” in finance. The paper concludes by suggesting a multi-level approach to trade diversification that emphasizes firm-level and supply-chain considerations for genuine economic resilience. Cet article examine le principe souvent invoqué selon lequel la diversification des partenaires commerciaux internationaux réduit le risque économique, et soutient qu'une application non critique de ce concept à l'échelle nationale peut être trompeuse. En utilisant le contexte historique et un modèle théorique simple, nous montrons que si la répartition des échanges commerciaux entre de nombreux pays – comparable à la diversification de portefeuille – peut atténuer les chocs idiosyncratiques, elle offre peu de protection contre les chocs systémiques et peut masquer des concentrations dangereuses au niveau des entreprises et de la chaîne d'approvisionnement. Les principaux enseignements sont les suivants : (1) Les pays ne commercent pas ; ce sont les entreprises qui le font ; et les flux d'exportation sont souvent dominés par un petit nombre d'entreprises ou de matières premières, de sorte que les statistiques nationales de diversification peuvent masquer des vulnérabilités au niveau microéconomique. (2) La simple augmentation du nombre de partenaires commerciaux produit des rendements décroissants en termes de réduction du risque, en particulier lorsque les économies des partenaires sont corrélées ; un plus grand nombre de partenaires ne signifie pas automatiquement une exposition moindre. (3) Un profil commercial diversifié au niveau macroéconomique ne garantit pas la diversification ou la résilience des entreprises ou des secteurs individuels. Nous formalisons ces idées dans un cadre de portefeuille moyenne-variance et illustrons comment une véritable réduction du risque dépend de l'existence de flux commerciaux indépendants (et non pas simplement de flux multiples). Les décideurs politiques sont invités à regarder au-delà des indicateurs agrégés : sans examiner qui échange quoi avec qui, les efforts de diversification des échanges peuvent créer un faux sentiment de sécurité – un phénomène comparable à la « diworsification » en finance. L’article conclut en suggérant une approche multi-niveaux de la diversification des échanges, qui met l’accent sur les considérations au niveau de l’entreprise et de la chaîne d’approvisionnement pour une véritable résilience économique.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Warin, 2025. "Beware Diworsification: A Firm- and Supply-Chain Approach to Trade Resilience," CIRANO Working Papers 2025s-24, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2025s-24
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jonathan Eaton & Samuel Kortum & Francis Kramarz, 2011. "An Anatomy of International Trade: Evidence From French Firms," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 79(5), pages 1453-1498, September.
    2. Christoph E. Boehm & Aaron Flaaen & Nitya Pandalai-Nayar, 2019. "Input Linkages and the Transmission of Shocks: Firm-Level Evidence from the 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 101(1), pages 60-75, March.
    3. Johnson, Robert C. & Noguera, Guillermo, 2012. "Accounting for intermediates: Production sharing and trade in value added," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(2), pages 224-236.
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