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Historical and Contemporary Evolution of International Trade: From Mercantilism to the Platform Economy

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  • Thierry Warin

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive historical and contemporary analysis of how international trade theory and practice have developed. It begins with the classical economic theories of the 17th to 19th centuries – spanning Italian mercantilists like Antonio Serra, French Physiocrats such as François Quesnay, English classical economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo, and German protectionist thinkers like Friedrich List – and examines how these early thinkers understood trade in goods versus services. The narrative then traces major shifts through the 19th and 20th centuries, highlighting the rise of industrial trade, changes in theory, and the institutionalization of global trade rules. Finally, it connects these historical foundations to the platform economy of the 21st century, in which technology and data (often dubbed “the new oil”) have dramatically reshaped what is tradable. Throughout, we discuss the surge in services trade – including the persistent U.S. surplus in services – and the challenges of measuring trade in an era of digital platforms. These measurement issues, we argue, are not mere statistical quirks but reflect deeper transformations in the global economy. The discussion proceeds in a chronological yet thematic flow, tying together the major milestones in the evolution of trade and maintaining a scholarly perspective on each phase. Cet article propose une analyse historique et contemporaine complète de l'évolution de la théorie et de la pratique du commerce international. Il commence par les théories économiques classiques du 17e au 19e siècle - couvrant les mercantilistes italiens comme Antonio Serra, les physiocrates français comme François Quesnay, les économistes classiques anglais comme Adam Smith et David Ricardo, et les penseurs protectionnistes allemands comme Friedrich List - et examine comment ces premiers penseurs comprenaient le commerce des biens par rapport à celui des services. Le récit retrace ensuite les principales évolutions au cours des XIXe et XXe siècles, en soulignant l'essor du commerce industriel, les changements théoriques et l'institutionnalisation des règles du commerce mondial. Enfin, il relie ces fondements historiques à l'économie de plateforme du XXIe siècle, dans laquelle la technologie et les données (souvent surnommées « le nouveau pétrole ») ont radicalement remodelé ce qui est échangeable. Tout au long de l'ouvrage, nous discutons de l'essor du commerce des services - y compris de l'excédent persistant des États-Unis dans ce domaine - et des défis que pose la modélisation du commerce à l'ère des plates-formes numériques. Selon nous, ces problèmes de mesure ne sont pas de simples bizarreries statistiques, mais reflètent des transformations plus profondes de l'économie mondiale. La discussion se déroule de manière chronologique et thématique, en reliant les principaux jalons de l'évolution du commerce et en maintenant une perspective scientifique sur chaque phase.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Warin, 2025. "Historical and Contemporary Evolution of International Trade: From Mercantilism to the Platform Economy," CIRANO Working Papers 2025s-12, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2025s-12
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2025s-12.pdf
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