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Fixed-b Asymptotics for Panel Models with Two-Way Clustering

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  • Kaicheng Chen
  • Timothy J. Vogelsang

Abstract

This paper studies a cluster robust variance estimator proposed by Chiang, Hansen and Sasaki (2022) for linear panels. First, we show algebraically that this variance estimator (CHS estimator, hereafter) is a linear combination of three common variance estimators: the one-way individual cluster estimator, the "HAC of averages" estimator, and the "average of HACs" estimator. Based on this finding, we obtain a fixed-b asymptotic result for the CHS estimator and corresponding test statistics as the cross-section and time sample sizes jointly go to infinity. Furthermore, we propose two simple bias-corrected versions of the variance estimator and derive the fixed-b limits. In a simulation study, we find that the two bias-corrected variance estimators along with fixed-b critical values provide improvements in finite sample coverage probabilities. We illustrate the impact of bias-correction and use of the fixed-b critical values on inference in an empirical example from Thompson (2011) on the relationship between industry profitability and market concentration.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaicheng Chen & Timothy J. Vogelsang, 2023. "Fixed-b Asymptotics for Panel Models with Two-Way Clustering," Papers 2309.08707, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2023.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2309.08707
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thompson, Samuel B., 2011. "Simple formulas for standard errors that cluster by both firm and time," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(1), pages 1-10, January.
    2. James G. MacKinnon & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Matthew D. Webb, 2021. "Wild Bootstrap and Asymptotic Inference With Multiway Clustering," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(2), pages 505-519, March.
    3. John C. Driscoll & Aart C. Kraay, 1998. "Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation With Spatially Dependent Panel Data," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 80(4), pages 549-560, November.
    4. Cameron, A. Colin & Gelbach, Jonah B. & Miller, Douglas L., 2011. "Robust Inference With Multiway Clustering," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 29(2), pages 238-249.
    5. Sun, Yixiao, 2014. "Let’s fix it: Fixed-b asymptotics versus small-b asymptotics in heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust inference," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 178(P3), pages 659-677.
    6. Peter C. B. Phillips & Hyungsik R. Moon, 1999. "Linear Regression Limit Theory for Nonstationary Panel Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 67(5), pages 1057-1112, September.
    7. Kiefer, Nicholas M. & Vogelsang, Timothy J., 2005. "A New Asymptotic Theory For Heteroskedasticity-Autocorrelation Robust Tests," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 21(6), pages 1130-1164, December.
    8. Newey, Whitney & West, Kenneth, 2014. "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 33(1), pages 125-132.
    9. Rho, Seung-Hwa & Vogelsang, Timothy J., 2019. "Heteroskedasticity Autocorrelation Robust Inference In Time Series Regressions With Missing Data," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 35(3), pages 601-629, June.
    10. Eben Lazarus & Daniel J. Lewis & James H. Stock, 2021. "The Size‐Power Tradeoff in HAR Inference," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 89(5), pages 2497-2516, September.
    11. Marianne Bertrand & Esther Duflo & Sendhil Mullainathan, 2004. "How Much Should We Trust Differences-In-Differences Estimates?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 119(1), pages 249-275.
    12. Harold D Chiang & Bruce E Hansen & Yuya Sasaki, 2022. "Standard errors for two-way clustering with serially correlated time effects," Papers 2201.11304, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2023.
    13. Yixiao Sun & Peter C. B. Phillips & Sainan Jin, 2008. "Optimal Bandwidth Selection in Heteroskedasticity-Autocorrelation Robust Testing," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 76(1), pages 175-194, January.
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    15. Andrews, Donald W K, 1991. "Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(3), pages 817-858, May.
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    17. Arellano, M, 1987. "Computing Robust Standard Errors for Within-Groups Estimators," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 49(4), pages 431-434, November.
    18. Konrad Menzel, 2021. "Bootstrap With Cluster‐Dependence in Two or More Dimensions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 89(5), pages 2143-2188, September.
    19. Bester, C. Alan & Conley, Timothy G. & Hansen, Christian B. & Vogelsang, Timothy J., 2016. "FIXED-b ASYMPTOTICS FOR SPATIALLY DEPENDENT ROBUST NONPARAMETRIC COVARIANCE MATRIX ESTIMATORS," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 32(1), pages 154-186, February.
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