IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/b/zbw/usgivw/59.html
   My bibliography  Save this book

Cyber Risk: Too Big to Insure? Risk Transfer Options for a mercurial risk class

Author

Listed:
  • Eling, Martin
  • Wirfs, Jan Hendrik

Abstract

This study is the first systematic discussion of potential risk transfer options for cyber risks. We compare several risk transfer options, including insurance, reinsurance and alternative risk transfer. Moreover, we discuss the potential role of the government and the capacity of insurance pools to improve insurability. On the methodological side, we rely on both qualitative and quantitative analyses to justify our conclusions. We use Berliner’s insurability framework and expected utility analysis of different cyber specific scenarios. We then compare our theoretical findings with the opinions of market participants in an empirical study.

Suggested Citation

  • Eling, Martin & Wirfs, Jan Hendrik, 2016. "Cyber Risk: Too Big to Insure? Risk Transfer Options for a mercurial risk class," I.VW HSG Schriftenreihe, University of St.Gallen, Institute of Insurance Economics (I.VW-HSG), volume 59, number 59.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:usgivw:59
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/226644/1/I-VW-HSG-Schriftenreihe-59.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kunreuther, Howard & Hogarth, Robin & Meszaros, Jacqueline, 1993. "Insurer Ambiguity and Maarket Failure," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 71-87, August.
    2. Rob Kaas & Marc Goovaerts & Jan Dhaene & Michel Denuit, 2008. "Modern Actuarial Risk Theory," Springer Books, Springer, edition 2, number 978-3-540-70998-5, June.
    3. Shackelford, Scott J., 2012. "Should your firm invest in cyber risk insurance?," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 55(4), pages 349-356.
    4. J. David Cummins & Olivier Mahul, 2004. "The Demand for Insurance With an Upper Limit on Coverage," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 71(2), pages 253-264, June.
    5. Haas, Andreas & Hofmann, Annette, 2013. "Risiken aus Cloud-Computing-Services: Fragen des Risikomanagements und Aspekte der Versicherbarkeit," FZID Discussion Papers 74-2013 [rev.], University of Hohenheim, Center for Research on Innovation and Services (FZID).
    6. Eling, Martin, 2012. "Fitting insurance claims to skewed distributions: Are the skew-normal and skew-student good models?," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 239-248.
    7. Daniela Ambrosino & Vito Fragnelli & Maria Marina, 2006. "Resolving an Insurance Allocation Problem: A Procedural Approach," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 26(3), pages 625-643, June.
    8. Ehrlich, Isaac & Becker, Gary S, 1972. "Market Insurance, Self-Insurance, and Self-Protection," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 80(4), pages 623-648, July-Aug..
    9. Nir Kshetri, 2010. "The Global Cybercrime Industry," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-642-11522-6, June.
    10. Hulisi Öğüt & Srinivasan Raghunathan & Nirup Menon, 2011. "Cyber Security Risk Management: Public Policy Implications of Correlated Risk, Imperfect Ability to Prove Loss, and Observability of Self‐Protection," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(3), pages 497-512, March.
    11. Bolance, Catalina & Guillen, Montserrat & Pelican, Elena & Vernic, Raluca, 2008. "Skewed bivariate models and nonparametric estimation for the CTE risk measure," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(3), pages 386-393, December.
    12. MOSSIN, Jan, 1968. "Aspects of rational insurance purchasing," LIDAM Reprints CORE 23, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
    13. Georges Dionne (ed.), 2013. "Handbook of Insurance," Springer Books, Springer, edition 2, number 978-1-4614-0155-1, June.
    14. Cossette, Helene & Gaillardetz, Patrice & Marceau, Etienne & Rioux, Jacques, 2002. "On two dependent individual risk models," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 153-166, April.
    15. J. David Cummins & Olivier Mahul, 2004. "The demand for insurance with an upper limit on coverage," Post-Print hal-01952122, HAL.
    16. Alexander J. McNeil & Rüdiger Frey & Paul Embrechts, 2015. "Quantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques and Tools Revised edition," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 2, number 10496.
    17. Cummins, J. David & Lewis, Christopher M. & Wei, Ran, 2006. "The market value impact of operational loss events for US banks and insurers," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(10), pages 2605-2634, October.
    18. Fragnelli, Vito & Marina, Maria Erminia, 2003. "A fair procedure in insurance," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 75-85, August.
    19. Manfred Gilli & Evis këllezi, 2006. "An Application of Extreme Value Theory for Measuring Financial Risk," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 27(2), pages 207-228, May.
    20. T. Maillart & D. Sornette, 2010. "Heavy-tailed distribution of cyber-risks," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 75(3), pages 357-364, June.
    21. Christian Biener & Martin Eling, 2012. "Insurability in Microinsurance Markets: An Analysis of Problems and Potential Solutions," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 37(1), pages 77-107, January.
    22. Christian Biener & Martin Eling & Jan Hendrik Wirfs, 2015. "Insurability of Cyber Risk: An Empirical Analysis†," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 40(1), pages 131-158, January.
    23. Cannas, Giuseppina & Masala, Giovanni & Micocci, Marco, 2009. "Quantifying reputational effects for publicly traded financial institutions," Journal of Financial Transformation, Capco Institute, vol. 27, pages 76-81.
    24. Levy, H & Markowtiz, H M, 1979. "Approximating Expected Utility by a Function of Mean and Variance," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 69(3), pages 308-317, June.
    25. Nadine Gatzert, 2012. "The merits of pooling claims revisited," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 13(3), pages 184-198, May.
    26. Ben Ammar, Semir & Braun, Alexander & Eling, Martin, 2015. "Alternative Risk Transfer and Insurance-Linked Securities: Trends, Challenges and New Market Opportunities," I.VW HSG Schriftenreihe, University of St.Gallen, Institute of Insurance Economics (I.VW-HSG), volume 56, number 56.
    27. Annette Hofmann & Hidajet Ramaj, 2011. "Interdependent risk networks: the threat of cyber attack," International Journal of Management and Decision Making, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 11(5/6), pages 312-323.
    28. Haas, Andreas & Hofmann, Annette, 2013. "Risiken aus Cloud-Computing-Services: Fragen des Risikomanagements und Aspekte der Versicherbarkeit," FZID Discussion Papers 74-2013, University of Hohenheim, Center for Research on Innovation and Services (FZID).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ombu Atonbara, 2023. "Role of Digital Forensics in Combating Financial Crimes in the Computer Era," Journal of Forensic Accounting Profession, Sciendo, vol. 3(1), pages 57-75, June.
    2. Eling, Martin & Jung, Kwangmin, 2018. "Copula approaches for modeling cross-sectional dependence of data breach losses," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 167-180.
    3. Antoine Bouveret, 2018. "Cyber Risk for the Financial Sector: A Framework for Quantitative Assessment," IMF Working Papers 2018/143, International Monetary Fund.
    4. Dirk Wrede & Tino Stegen & Johann-Matthias Schulenburg, 2020. "Affirmative and silent cyber coverage in traditional insurance policies: Qualitative content analysis of selected insurance products from the German insurance market," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 45(4), pages 657-689, October.
    5. Lukáš Pavlík & Martin Ficek & Jakub Rak, 2022. "Dynamic Assessment of Cyber Threats in the Field of Insurance," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-21, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Christian Biener & Martin Eling & Jan Hendrik Wirfs, 2015. "Insurability of Cyber Risk: An Empirical Analysis†," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 40(1), pages 131-158, January.
    2. Eling, Martin & Wirfs, Jan, 2019. "What are the actual costs of cyber risk events?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 272(3), pages 1109-1119.
    3. Yichun Chi & Xun Yu Zhou & Sheng Chao Zhuang, 2020. "Variance Contracts," Papers 2008.07103, arXiv.org.
    4. Chi, Yichun & Zhuang, Sheng Chao, 2022. "Regret-based optimal insurance design," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 22-41.
    5. Fujii, Yoichiro & Okura, Mahito & Osaki, Yusuke, 2021. "Is insurance normal or inferior? -A regret theoretical approach-," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    6. Eling, Martin & Loperfido, Nicola, 2017. "Data breaches: Goodness of fit, pricing, and risk measurement," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 126-136.
    7. Spencer Wheatley & Annette Hofmann & Didier Sornette, 2021. "Addressing insurance of data breach cyber risks in the catastrophe framework," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 46(1), pages 53-78, January.
    8. Corina Birghila & Tim J. Boonen & Mario Ghossoub, 2020. "Optimal Insurance under Maxmin Expected Utility," Papers 2010.07383, arXiv.org.
    9. Martin Eling & David Antonius Pankoke, 2016. "Systemic Risk in the Insurance Sector: A Review and Directions for Future Research," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 19(2), pages 249-284, September.
    10. Peter, Richard & Ying, Jie, 2020. "Do you trust your insurer? Ambiguity about contract nonperformance and optimal insurance demand," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 938-954.
    11. Albrecht, Peter & Huggenberger, Markus, 2017. "The fundamental theorem of mutual insurance," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 180-188.
    12. Neil A. Doherty & Christian Laux & Alexander Muermann, 2015. "Insuring Nonverifiable Losses," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 19(1), pages 283-316.
    13. Alexis Louaas and Pierre Picard, 2022. "Optimal Nuclear Liability Insurance," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 1).
    14. Chen Hua & Mahani Reza S., 2012. "Optimal Demand for Insurance with Consumption Commitments," Asia-Pacific Journal of Risk and Insurance, De Gruyter, vol. 6(2), pages 1-26, June.
    15. Hong Liang, 2020. "On Three Standard Results in the Theory of Insurance Demand," Asia-Pacific Journal of Risk and Insurance, De Gruyter, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, January.
    16. Eling, Martin & Jung, Kwangmin, 2018. "Copula approaches for modeling cross-sectional dependence of data breach losses," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 167-180.
    17. repec:hal:journl:hal-00536925 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Dionne, Georges & Harrington, Scott, 2017. "Insurance and Insurance Markets," Working Papers 17-2, HEC Montreal, Canada Research Chair in Risk Management.
    19. Jack Clark Francis & Arie Harel & Giora Harpaz, 2010. "Actuarially Fair Premia for Deductible Insurance Policies," The American Economist, Sage Publications, vol. 55(2), pages 83-91, November.
    20. Chiara Crovini & Giovanni Ossola & Pier Luigi Marchini, 2018. "Cyber Risk. The New Enemy for Risk Management in the Age of Globalisation," MANAGEMENT CONTROL, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2018(2 Suppl.), pages 135-155.
    21. Markus Huggenberger & Peter Albrecht, 2022. "Risk pooling and solvency regulation: A policyholder's perspective," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 89(4), pages 907-950, December.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:zbw:usgivw:59. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ivwsgch.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.