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Between Formality and Informality: Socialization and Cohesion in the South Korea–US and Taiwan–US Asymmetric Alliances

Author

Listed:
  • Yavor A. Kostadinov
  • Emilian Kavalski

Abstract

Great powers are often assumed to resort to divide et impera strategies to manage asymmetric alliances. Yet, alliances that cultivate preference convergence, particularly when such convergence is privately accepted, are more resilient and harder to undermine. The role played by intra‐alliance socialization in shaping such convergence, however, remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining how different levels of socialization affect cohesion in asymmetric alliances. The analysis compares the formal South Korea–US alliance (marked by a relatively higher degree of socialization) with the informal Taiwan–US alliance (with a relatively lower degree of socialization). The findings indicate that robust socialization mechanisms, such as military training, joint exercises, and policy coordination, promote greater internalization of US preferences and strengthen alliance cohesion. However, these effects are often constrained by factors such as power asymmetries, divergent threat perceptions, adversarial influence, domestic politics, media control, and historical mistrust. By highlighting the conditional effects of socialization on alliance stability, this study contributes to the constructivist–rationalist debate and advances the conversation on asymmetric security alliances. 人们通常认为, 大国会采取“分而治之”的策略来管理非对称联盟。然而, 能够培养偏好趋同的联盟, 尤其是在这种趋同被私下接受的情况下, 会更具韧性, 也更难被破坏。然而, 联盟内部的社会化在塑造这种趋同方面所发挥的作用仍未得到充分探索。本研究旨在探讨不同程度的社会化如何影响非对称联盟的凝聚力, 以填补这一空白。分析比较了正式的韩美联盟 (社会化程度相对较高) 和非正式的台美联盟 (社会化程度相对较低) 。研究结果表明, 强大的社会化机制, 例如军事训练、联合演习和政策协调, 能够促进美国偏好的更大程度内化, 从而增强联盟凝聚力。然而, 这些影响往往受到权力不对称、威胁认知差异、敌对影响、国内政治、媒体控制以及历史不信任等因素的制约。本研究通过强调社会化对联盟稳定性的条件效应, 促进了建构主义与理性主义之间的争论, 并推动了关于非对称安全联盟的讨论。 Se suele asumir que las grandes potencias recurren a estrategias de “divide y vencerás” para gestionar las alianzas asimétricas. Sin embargo, las alianzas que fomentan la convergencia de preferencias, especialmente cuando dicha convergencia se acepta en privado, son más resilientes y difíciles de socavar. Sin embargo, el papel que desempeña la socialización dentro de la alianza en la configuración de dicha convergencia sigue siendo poco explorado. Este estudio aborda esta brecha examinando cómo los diferentes niveles de socialización afectan la cohesión en las alianzas asimétricas. El análisis compara la alianza formal entre Corea del Sur y EE. UU. (caracterizada por un grado de socialización relativamente mayor) con la alianza informal entre Taiwán y EE. UU. (con un grado de socialización relativamente menor). Los hallazgos indican que los mecanismos de socialización robustos, como el entrenamiento militar, los ejercicios conjuntos y la coordinación de políticas, promueven una mayor internalización de las preferencias estadounidenses y fortalecen la cohesión de la alianza. Sin embargo, estos efectos suelen verse limitados por factores como las asimetrías de poder, las percepciones divergentes de las amenazas, la influencia adversaria, la política interna, el control de los medios de comunicación y la desconfianza histórica. Al destacar los efectos condicionales de la socialización en la estabilidad de las alianzas, este estudio contribuye al debate constructivista—racionalista y promueve el debate sobre las alianzas de seguridad asimétricas.

Suggested Citation

  • Yavor A. Kostadinov & Emilian Kavalski, 2025. "Between Formality and Informality: Socialization and Cohesion in the South Korea–US and Taiwan–US Asymmetric Alliances," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 188(4), December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:188:y:2025:i:4:n:waf270042
    DOI: 10.1002/waf2.70042
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    References listed on IDEAS

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