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The Differential Role of R&D and SG&A for Earnings Management and Stock Price Manipulation

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  • Estelle Y. Sun

Abstract

This paper documents a differential role of R&D versus selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A) for real earnings management. The distinction of these two components is important because prior studies mostly examine their combined use, but firms could manipulate them differently given the differing valuation implications. Reduced SG&A is viewed positively by investors as evidence of cost reduction, while reduced R&D is viewed negatively by investors as such expenditures are critical signals of expected growth. I examine their use in the context of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) as well as firms receiving accounting and auditing enforcement releases (AAERs). Although both groups face strong incentives to manage earnings upward by reducing expenses, I predict and find that firms will reduce SG&A but increase R&D. During the manipulation period, SEO and AAER firms exhibit lower discretionary SG&A and higher discretionary R&D, relative to control firms, and investors positively value low discretionary SG&A and high discretionary R&D. Overall, this study confirms the importance of distinguishing between R&D and SG&A in real earnings management contexts and suggests a complementary (substitutive) relation between cutting SG&A (R&D) and accruals management. Rôles distincts de la RD et des FVGA dans la gestion des résultats et la manipulation de la valeur des actions La présente étude se penche sur les rôles distincts joués par la RD et les frais de vente, généraux et administratifs (FVGA) sur la gestion réelle des résultats. La distinction entre ces deux éléments est importante, car les études antérieures examinent principalement leur utilisation combinée, mais les sociétés pourraient les manipuler séparément en fonction des différentes répercussions sur l'évaluation : une réduction des FVGA est perçue positivement par les investisseurs comme une preuve de réduction des coûts, alors qu'une diminution de la RD est perçue négativement, car ces dépenses sont des signaux critiques de croissance attendue. J'examine l'utilisation de ces deux éléments dans le contexte des sociétés offrant des titres secondaires (SEO) et des sociétés ayant reçu des communiqués d'exécution comptable et d'audit (Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases ou AAER). Bien que les deux groupes soient fortement incités à pratiquer une gestion favorisant l'augmentation des résultats en réduisant les dépenses, je prédis et montre que les sociétés réduiront les dépenses en FVGA, mais augmenteront les dépenses en RD. Durant la période de manipulation, les sociétés ayant offert des titres secondaires ou reçu un AAER présentent des FVGA discrétionnaires plus faibles et des dépenses en RD discrétionnaires plus élevées, par rapport aux sociétés témoins, ce que les investisseurs voient de façon positive. Dans l'ensemble, la présente étude confirme l'importance de distinguer la RD et les FVGA en contexte de gestion réelle des résultats et laisse entendre qu'il existe une relation complémentaire (substitutive) entre la réduction des FVGA (de la RD) et la gestion comptable des résultats.

Suggested Citation

  • Estelle Y. Sun, 2021. "The Differential Role of R&D and SG&A for Earnings Management and Stock Price Manipulation," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 242-275, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:38:y:2021:i:1:p:242-275
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12634
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    1. Liu, Duan & Wang, Lili & Yan, Jing & Wan, Hong, 2023. "R&D manipulation and SEO pricing in the Chinese capital market: The information effect of inefficient investment," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).

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