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Can Employee Stock Options Contribute to Less Risk‐Taking?†

Author

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  • Bruce K. Billings
  • James R. Moon
  • Richard M. Morton
  • Dana M. Wallace

Abstract

The executive compensation literature presumes that shareholders offer risk‐averse managers stock options to entice them to take on more risk, resulting in riskier investment decisions and thus a greater return on investment. However, recent empirical work challenges this assumption, and theoretical research even argues that high levels of option‐based compensation for generally under‐diversified managers may actually lead to greater risk aversion. We evaluate the incentive structure of employee stock options by examining the level of R&D investment and the return on that investment conditional on the portfolio “vega,” which captures the sensitivity of option value to stock price volatility. Our results suggest that both investment in R&D and the return on R&D, as measured by future earnings and patent awards, varies concavely with vega. That is, low to moderate levels of vega correspond to increasing investment in and returns on R&D, consistent with vega inducing more profitable investments, but marginal returns decline as vega increases. Collectively, these results, bolstered by several supplemental analyses, suggest that this surprising relation between vega and risky investment is driven by greater risk aversion at higher levels of vega. Overall, our results imply that employee stock options may not always align the incentives of managers and shareholders. Les options sur actions accordées aux employés peuvent‐elles contribuer à réduire la prise de risques? Les études sur la rémunération des dirigeants reposent sur l'hypothèse selon laquelle les actionnaires offrent aux gestionnaires réfractaires au risque des options sur actions afin de les encourager à prendre davantage de risques, ce qui donne lieu à des décisions de placement plus risquées et ainsi à un rendement plus élevé du capital investi. Or, de récentes études empiriques remettent en question cette hypothèse et, si l'on en croit les recherches théoriques, l'attribution de niveaux élevés de rémunération à base d'options aux dirigeants généralement enclins à restreindre la diversification pourrait, en réalité, mener à une plus grande aversion pour le risque. Les auteurs évaluent la structure d'encouragement des options sur actions accordées aux employés en examinant le niveau d'investissement dans les activités de R‐D et le rendement du capital investi en R‐D en fonction du « véga » du portefeuille, variable permettant de saisir la sensibilité de la valeur de l'option à la volatilité du cours de l'action. Les résultats de leur analyse semblent indiquer que la variation de l'investissement dans les activités de R‐D et du rendement qui en est tiré, mesurés selon les bénéfices et les brevets ultérieurement obtenus, par rapport au véga, affiche un profil concave. En d'autres termes, un véga dont le niveau est faible à modéré correspond à une augmentation de l'investissement dans les activités de R‐D et du rendement qui en est tiré, conformément à l'hypothèse selon laquelle le véga induit des investissements plus rentables, mais les rendements marginaux déclinent avec la hausse du véga. Pris globalement, ces résultats, étayés par plusieurs analyses complémentaires, laissent croire que cette relation surprenante entre le véga et l'investissement risqué s'explique par une plus grande aversion pour le risque lorsque le niveau du véga est plus élevé. En substance, les résultats de l'étude donnent à entendre que les options sur actions accordées aux employés ne permettent pas toujours de coordonner les motivations du dirigeant et des actionnaires.

Suggested Citation

  • Bruce K. Billings & James R. Moon & Richard M. Morton & Dana M. Wallace, 2020. "Can Employee Stock Options Contribute to Less Risk‐Taking?†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1658-1686, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:37:y:2020:i:3:p:1658-1686
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12562
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