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Gender and Forced Labour: Understanding the Links in Global Cocoa Supply Chains

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  • Genevieve LeBaron
  • Ellie Gore

Abstract

This paper investigates the gendered patterns and dynamics of labour exploitation and forced labour in the cocoa supply chain. The empirical basis of our analysis is an original primary dataset produced through the Global Business of Forced Labour project, which includes data gathered in Ghana in 2016–2017, comprising 60 in-depth interviews and a survey of 497 cocoa workers across 74 cocoa communities from Ghana’s two largest cocoa-producing regions, the Western and Ashanti Regions. Drawing on this dataset, we show that prevailing business models within the Ghanaian cocoa industry rely on and reinforce labour exploitation and unequal gender power relations. Given that the links between forced labour and gender remain poorly understood, we analyse the factors that render women workers disproportionately vulnerable to severe labour exploitation, underscoring the role of unequal family relations, responsibility for reproductive labour, and social property relations in creating vulnerability to exploitation.

Suggested Citation

  • Genevieve LeBaron & Ellie Gore, 2020. "Gender and Forced Labour: Understanding the Links in Global Cocoa Supply Chains," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(6), pages 1095-1117, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jdevst:v:56:y:2020:i:6:p:1095-1117
    DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2019.1657570
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Erin Lockwood, 2021. "The international political economy of global inequality," Review of International Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(2), pages 421-445, March.
    2. Steffen Hirth & Theresa Bürstmayr & Anke Strüver, 2022. "Discourses of sustainability and imperial modes of food provision: agri-food-businesses and consumers in Germany," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 39(2), pages 573-588, June.
    3. Bataka, Hodabalo, 2024. "Global value chains participation and gender inequalities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Importance of women education," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    4. Coral, Claudia & Mithöfer, Dagmar, 2023. "The backbone of agrifood value chain resilience: Innovation in the Ecuadorian banana value chain from a historical perspective," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 29(C).
    5. Suchi Kapoor Malhotra & Swati Mantri & Neha Gupta & Ratika Bhandari & Ralph Nii Armah & Hamdiyah Alhassan & Sarah Young & Howard White & Ranjitha Puskur & Hugh Sharma Waddington & Edoardo Masset, 2024. "Value chain interventions for improving women's economic empowerment: A mixed‐methods systematic review and meta‐analysis," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(3), September.
    6. Genevieve LeBaron, 2021. "The Role of Supply Chains in the Global Business of Forced Labour," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 57(2), pages 29-42, April.
    7. Yaro, Joseph Awetori & Teye, Joseph Kofi & Wiggins, Steve, 2024. "Changing land and labour relations on cocoa farms in Sefwi, Ghana: Continuity and change," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 34(C).
    8. repec:ags:aaea22:335743 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Bansal, Sanchita & Nangia, Priya & Singh, Shifali & Cichoń, Dariusz, 2024. "Where's our share: Agenda for gender representation in mining industry," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).

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