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A Penalty Approach to Differential Item Functioning in Rasch Models

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  • Gerhard Tutz
  • Gunther Schauberger

Abstract

A new diagnostic tool for the identification of differential item functioning (DIF) is proposed. Classical approaches to DIF allow to consider only few subpopulations like ethnic groups when investigating if the solution of items depends on the membership to a subpopulation. We propose an explicit model for differential item functioning that includes a set of variables, containing metric as well as categorical components, as potential candidates for inducing DIF. The ability to include a set of covariates entails that the model contains a large number of parameters. Regularized estimators, in particular penalized maximum likelihood estimators, are used to solve the estimation problem and to identify the items that induce DIF. It is shown that the method is able to detect items with DIF. Simulations and two applications demonstrate the applicability of the method. Copyright The Psychometric Society 2015

Suggested Citation

  • Gerhard Tutz & Gunther Schauberger, 2015. "A Penalty Approach to Differential Item Functioning in Rasch Models," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 80(1), pages 21-43, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:psycho:v:80:y:2015:i:1:p:21-43
    DOI: 10.1007/s11336-013-9377-6
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    Cited by:

    1. Siliang Zhang & Yunxiao Chen, 2022. "Computation for Latent Variable Model Estimation: A Unified Stochastic Proximal Framework," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 87(4), pages 1473-1502, December.
    2. Po-Hsien Huang & Hung Chen & Li-Jen Weng, 2017. "A Penalized Likelihood Method for Structural Equation Modeling," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 82(2), pages 329-354, June.
    3. Alexander Robitzsch, 2020. "L p Loss Functions in Invariance Alignment and Haberman Linking with Few or Many Groups," Stats, MDPI, vol. 3(3), pages 1-38, August.
    4. Zhang, Siliang & Chen, Yunxiao, 2022. "Computation for latent variable model estimation: a unified stochastic proximal framework," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 114489, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    5. Wallin, Gabriel & Chen, Yunxiao & Moustaki, Irini, 2024. "DIF analysis with unknown groups and anchor items," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 121991, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    6. Gerhard Tutz & Moritz Berger, 2016. "Item-focussed Trees for the Identification of Items in Differential Item Functioning," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 81(3), pages 727-750, September.
    7. Paul Boeck & Sun-Joo Cho, 2021. "Not all DIF is shaped similarly," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 86(3), pages 712-716, September.
    8. Ke-Hai Yuan & Hongyun Liu & Yuting Han, 2021. "Differential Item Functioning Analysis Without A Priori Information on Anchor Items: QQ Plots and Graphical Test," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 86(2), pages 345-377, June.
    9. Chen, Yunxiao & Li, Chengcheng & Ouyang, Jing & Xu, Gongjun, 2023. "DIF statistical inference without knowing anchoring items," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 119923, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    10. Ting Wang & Carolin Strobl & Achim Zeileis & Edgar C. Merkle, 2018. "Score-Based Tests of Differential Item Functioning via Pairwise Maximum Likelihood Estimation," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 83(1), pages 132-155, March.
    11. Gerhard Tutz, 2022. "Item Response Thresholds Models: A General Class of Models for Varying Types of Items," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 87(4), pages 1238-1269, December.

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