IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/metjou/v24y2025i2p141-163.html

Performance Differences in Indian Venture Capital Financed and Private Equity Financed Firms’ IPOs

Author

Listed:
  • Marut Dutt
  • Seshadev Sahoo

Abstract

The objective of this study is to aid startup firms in making informed data-driven decisions when opting for a funding type between Venture Capital (VC) and Private Equity (PE) about their potential impact on future performance as well as to aid investors looking for better returns based on Certification by Venture Capital or Private Equity. This study empirically examines the performance difference between Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) funded by VC and PE in India. The study uses data of 123 IPOs backed by VC and PE in India, during the time period of 2004 to 2017. It intends to examine the difference in performance and attributes of Indian VC- and PE-backed IPOs. The difference is studied in terms of both initial performance and determinants of performance. In the methodology part, this study uses statistical tools like Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the difference in the means of VC- and PE-backed firm attributes. Discriminant Analysis is used to find the most discriminating factors between the two funding types and to establish a discriminant function between VC- and PE-backed IPOs. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression is used to study the degree and direction of the linear relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable, that is, initial price performance. The findings of ANOVA establish that age, assets, offer size, and IT Industry affiliation are statistically significant differentiators of means between VC- and PE-backed IPOs. The discriminant analysis establishes that age and assets are the most discriminating variables between VC- and PE-backed IPOs. An eigenvalue of greater than 1 and Wilk’s Lambda closer to 0 help in establishing a discriminant function to predict future classification around centroid means. Regression results show that Weighted EPS, Post Issue Promoter Holding, IT Industry and Hot Period are statistically significant variables in determining the initial returns of VC- and PE-backed IPOs. However, there is no difference in the certification effect of VC and PE funding as there is no significant difference in the initial price performance based on funding type in the Indian context. The findings of this study can aid the decision-making of startups and investors in the Indian context, when going for a particular funding type or investing, respectively. The future studies can examine the VC and PE performance differences based on longer time horizon, geography, and industry. This study is based on assumption of mutually exclusive funding sources and do not cover IPOs funded by both VC and PE, which could be a potential limitation.

Suggested Citation

  • Marut Dutt & Seshadev Sahoo, 2025. "Performance Differences in Indian Venture Capital Financed and Private Equity Financed Firms’ IPOs," Metamorphosis: A Journal of Management Research, , vol. 24(2), pages 141-163, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:metjou:v:24:y:2025:i:2:p:141-163
    DOI: 10.1177/09726225241289632
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09726225241289632
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/09726225241289632?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Beatty, Randolph P. & Ritter, Jay R., 1986. "Investment banking, reputation, and the underpricing of initial public offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 213-232.
    2. Joseph T.L. Ooi & Masaki Mori & Woei‐Chyuan Wong, 2019. "Rationale behind IPO Underpricing: Evidence from Asian REIT IPOs," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 47(1), pages 104-137, March.
    3. Loughran, Tim & Ritter, Jay R, 1995. "The New Issues Puzzle," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(1), pages 23-51, March.
    4. Macmillan, Ian C. & Siegel, Robin & Narasimha, P. N. Subba, 1985. "Criteria used by venture capitalists to evaluate new venture proposals," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 119-128.
    5. Michala, Dimitra, 2019. "Are private equity backed initial public offerings any different? Timing, information asymmetry and post-IPO survival," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 31-47.
    6. Roger G. Ibbotson & Jody L. Sindelar & Jay R Ritter, 1994. "The Market'S Problems With The Pricing Of Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 7(1), pages 66-74, March.
    7. Jarrod Johnston & Jeff Madura, 2002. "The Performance of Internet Firms Following Their Initial Public Offering," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 37(4), pages 525-550, November.
    8. Sahlman, William A., 1990. "The structure and governance of venture-capital organizations," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 473-521, October.
    9. Stoll, Hans R. & Curley, Anthony J., 1970. "Small Business and the New Issues Market for Equities," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 5(3), pages 309-322, September.
    10. Booth, James R. & Smith, Richard II, 1986. "Capital raising, underwriting and the certification hypothesis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 261-281.
    11. Brav, Alon & Gompers, Paul A, 1997. "Myth or Reality? The Long-Run Underperformance of Initial Public Offerings: Evidence from Venture and Nonventure Capital-Backed Companies," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(5), pages 1791-1821, December.
    12. Baron, David P, 1982. "A Model of the Demand for Investment Banking Advising and Distribution Services for New Issues," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 37(4), pages 955-976, September.
    13. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 2008. "Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," RAE - Revista de Administração de Empresas, FGV-EAESP Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo (Brazil), vol. 48(2), April.
    14. Supriya Katti & Mehul Raithatha, 2020. "Impact of Venture Capital Investment on Firm Performance: An Indian Evidence," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 21(4), pages 1011-1024, August.
    15. Nahata, Rajarishi, 2008. "Venture capital reputation and investment performance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(2), pages 127-151, November.
    16. Theodore A. Papadogonas, 2007. "The financial performance of large and small firms: evidence from Greece," International Journal of Financial Services Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 2(1/2), pages 14-20.
    17. Stavros Thomadakis & Christos Nounis & Dimitrios Gounopoulos, 2012. "Long†term Performance of Greek IPOs," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 18(1), pages 117-141, January.
    18. Chan, Kalok & Hameed, Allaudeen & Kang, Wenjin, 2013. "Stock price synchronicity and liquidity," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 414-438.
    19. James A. Brander & Raphael Amit & Werner Antweiler, 2002. "Venture‐Capital Syndication: Improved Venture Selection vs. The Value‐Added Hypothesis," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(3), pages 423-452, September.
    20. Steven X. Zheng & David A. Stangeland, 2007. "IPO Underpricing, Firm Quality, and Analyst Forecasts," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 36(2), pages 1-20, July.
    21. Jain, Bharat A & Kini, Omesh, 1994. "The Post-Issue Operating Performance of IPO Firms," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 49(5), pages 1699-1726, December.
    22. Steven N. Kaplan & Antoinette Schoar, 2005. "Private Equity Performance: Returns, Persistence, and Capital Flows," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(4), pages 1791-1823, August.
    23. Cumming, Douglas J. & MacIntosh, Jeffrey G., 2003. "A cross-country comparison of full and partial venture capital exits," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 511-548, March.
    24. Jay R. Ritter, 2003. "Differences between European and American IPO Markets," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 9(4), pages 421-434, December.
    25. Barry, Christopher B. & Muscarella, Chris J. & Peavy, John III & Vetsuypens, Michael R., 1990. "The role of venture capital in the creation of public companies*1: Evidence from the going-public process," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 447-471, October.
    26. McDonald, J G & Fisher, A K, 1972. "New Issue Stock Price Behavior," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 27(1), pages 97-102, March.
    27. Paula Hill, 2006. "Ownership Structure and IPO Underpricing," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(1-2), pages 102-126.
    28. Kunal & Supriya Katti & B.V. Phani, 2018. "Private equity investment, exit strategy and IPO performance: evidence from Indian IPOs," International Journal of Accounting and Finance, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 8(1), pages 38-59.
    29. Benveniste, Lawrence M. & Spindt, Paul A., 1989. "How investment bankers determine the offer price and allocation of new issues," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 343-361.
    30. Mok, Henry M. K. & Hui, Y. V., 1998. "Underpricing and aftermarket performance of IPOs in Shanghai, China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 6(5), pages 453-474, November.
    31. Megginson, William L & Weiss, Kathleen A, 1991. "Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(3), pages 879-903, July.
    32. Fama, Eugene F, 1970. "Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 25(2), pages 383-417, May.
    33. Tim Loughran & Jay R. Ritter, 2002. "Why Don't Issuers Get Upset About Leaving Money on the Table in IPOs?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 15(2), pages 413-444, March.
    34. Paul Gompers & Josh Lerner, 2001. "The Venture Capital Revolution," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 15(2), pages 145-168, Spring.
    35. Thomas Hellmann & Manju Puri, 2002. "Venture Capital and the Professionalization of Start‐Up Firms: Empirical Evidence," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(1), pages 169-197, February.
    36. Brown, J Michael, 1970. "Post-Offering Experience of Companies Going Public," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 43(1), pages 10-18, January.
    37. Ritter, Jay R, 1991. "The Long-run Performance of Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(1), pages 3-27, March.
    38. Leland, Hayne E & Pyle, David H, 1977. "Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure, and Financial Intermediation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 32(2), pages 371-387, May.
    39. Brennan, M. J. & Franks, J., 1997. "Underpricing, ownership and control in initial public offerings of equity securities in the UK," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(3), pages 391-413, September.
    40. Alexander Ljungqvist & William J. Wilhelm, 2003. "IPO Pricing in the Dot‐com Bubble," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(2), pages 723-752, April.
    41. Cheng, Louis T.W. & Chan, Kam C. & Mak, Billy S.C., 2005. "Strategic share allocation and underpricings of IPOs in Hong Kong," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 41-59, February.
    42. Gompers, Paul A., 1996. "Grandstanding in the venture capital industry," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 133-156, September.
    43. Ibbotson, Roger G., 1975. "Price performance of common stock new issues," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 2(3), pages 235-272, September.
    44. Lerner, Joshua, 1994. "Venture capitalists and the decision to go public," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 293-316, June.
    45. Rock, Kevin, 1986. "Why new issues are underpriced," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 187-212.
    46. Allen, Franklin & Faulhaber, Gerald R., 1989. "Signalling by underpricing in the IPO market," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 303-323, August.
    47. Till Drebinger & Shailendra Kumar Rai & Heiko Hinrichs, 2019. "Performance of IPOs of Indian Companies Backed by Private Equity," Vision, , vol. 23(4), pages 397-409, December.
    48. Carmen Cotei & Joseph Farhat, 2013. "Informational externalities of initial public offerings: Does venture capital backing matter?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 37(1), pages 80-99, January.
    49. Reilly, Frank K., 1973. "Further Evidence on Short-Run Results for New Issue Investors," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 8(1), pages 83-90, January.
    50. Field, Laura Casares & Sheehan, Dennis P., 2004. "IPO underpricing and outside blockholdings," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 263-280, March.
    51. Jay R. Ritter, 2015. "Growth Capital-Backed IPOs," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 50(4), pages 481-515, November.
    52. James C. Brau & Stanley E. Fawcett, 2006. "Initial Public Offerings: An Analysis of Theory and Practice," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 61(1), pages 399-436, February.
    53. Paula Hill, 2006. "Ownership Structure and IPO Underpricing," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(1‐2), pages 102-126, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Soumya G. Deb & Pradip Banerjee, 2024. "Performance of VC/PE-backed IPOs: New Insights from India," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 25(2), pages 421-443, April.
    2. Agathee, Ushad Subadar & Sannassee, Raja Vinesh & Brooks, Chris, 2012. "The underpricing of IPOs on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 281-303.
    3. Fouad Jamaani & Manal Alidarous, 2019. "Review of Theoretical Explanations of IPO Underpricing," Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, Scientific Publishing Institute, vol. 6(1), pages 1-18.
    4. Reber, Beat & Vencappa, Dev, 2016. "Deliberate premarket underpricing and aftermarket mispricing: New insights on IPO pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 18-33.
    5. Jay R. Ritter & Ivo Welch, 2002. "A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(4), pages 1795-1828, August.
    6. Jeppsson, Hans, 2018. "Initial public offerings, subscription precommitments and venture capital participation," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 650-668.
    7. Schuster, Josef Anton, 2003. "The cross-section of European IPO returns," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 24859, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    8. Grammenos, Costas Th. & Papapostolou, Nikos C., 2012. "US shipping initial public offerings: Do prospectus and market information matter?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 276-295.
    9. Klova, Valeriia, 2017. "IPO underpricing: What about the shipping sector?," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 42, pages 95-115.
    10. Nahata, Rajarishi, 2008. "Venture capital reputation and investment performance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(2), pages 127-151, November.
    11. Rin, Marco Da & Hellmann, Thomas & Puri, Manju, 2013. "A Survey of Venture Capital Research," Handbook of the Economics of Finance, in: G.M. Constantinides & M. Harris & R. M. Stulz (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 573-648, Elsevier.
    12. Catherine M. Daily & S. Trevis Certo & Dan R. Dalton & Rungpen Roengpitya, 2003. "IPO Underpricing: A Meta–Analysis and Research Synthesis," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 27(3), pages 271-295, July.
    13. Marco Rummer & Andreas Oehler & Peter N. Smith, 2004. "IPO Pricing and the Relative Importance of Investor Sentiment: Evidence from Germany," Money Macro and Finance (MMF) Research Group Conference 2004 62, Money Macro and Finance Research Group.
    14. Ting-Kai Chou & Jia-Chi Cheng & Chin-Chen Chien, 2013. "How useful is venture capital prestige? Evidence from IPO survivability," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 40(4), pages 843-863, May.
    15. Sun, Yue & Uchida, Konari & Matsumoto, Mamoru, 2013. "The dark side of independent venture capitalists: Evidence from Japan," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 279-300.
    16. Sarra Ben Slama Zouari & Abdelkader Boudriga & Neila Boulila Taktak, 2011. "Determinants Of Ipo Underpricing: Evidence From Tunisia," The International Journal of Business and Finance Research, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, vol. 5(1), pages 13-32.
    17. Goergen, Marc & Gounopoulos, Dimitrios & Koutroumpis, Panagiotis, 2021. "Do multiple credit ratings reduce money left on the table? Evidence from U.S. IPOs," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    18. Li, Xiaorong & Wang, Steven Shuye & Wang, Xue, 2019. "Trust and IPO underpricing," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 224-248.
    19. Natalia Matanova & Tanja Steigner & Bingsheng Yi & Qiancheng Zheng, 2019. "Going concern opinions and IPO pricing accuracy," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 195-238, July.
    20. Trauten, Andreas, 2004. "Zur Effizienz von Wertpapieremissionen über Internetplattformen," Working Papers 8, University of Münster, Competence Center Internet Economy and Hybrid Systems, European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:metjou:v:24:y:2025:i:2:p:141-163. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.