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Prix versus quantités : les contorsions du marché du carbone européen

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  • Berta, Nathalie

Abstract

Le marché du carbone européen a pour vocation de donner un prix au carbone, prix censé orienter une transition vers des technologies propres. Depuis sa création, il y a dix ans, il connaît des prix très bas et volatils qui, malgré les restrictions successives du plafond d’émissions, se sont révélés incapables de produire les incitations attendues. Face à cet échec, la Commission européenne a récemment entrepris diverses réformes, parmi lesquelles l’établissement d’une réserve de stabilité marchande. Toutes cherchent à contrôler le prix indirectement, en ajustant les quantités de quotas en circulation. Or, le marché du carbone est un instrument de cap-and-trade : il fixe un plafond (cap) qui garantit les réductions d’émissions souhaitées ; l’échange est alors justifié par l’efficacité des ajustements concurrentiels censés garantir que le cap sera atteint au moindre coût collectif. À l’inverse d’une taxe, l’incertitude sur le prix est donc constitutive de l’instrument. On peut alors s’interroger sur la dimension paradoxale de ces réformes : s’en remettre à un instrument marchand — au détriment d’une taxe — pour les vertus prêtées aux ajustements de prix concurrentiels, puis chercher ex post à administrer ces prix. On peut aussi douter de l’efficacité de ces mesures : le marché du carbone étant un marché avant tout financier, aucun ajustement en quantité ne donnera au prix la stabilité requise, stabilité que seule une taxe peut en théorie lui conférer.

Suggested Citation

  • Berta, Nathalie, 2015. "Prix versus quantités : les contorsions du marché du carbone européen," Revue de la Régulation - Capitalisme, institutions, pouvoirs, Association Recherche et Régulation, vol. 18.
  • Handle: RePEc:rvr:journl:2015:11392
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    References listed on IDEAS

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